Pavelka (feminine Pavelková) is a Czech surname. Notable people include:
- Annie Sadilek Pavelka, Czech-American woman
- David Pavelka, Czech footballer
- Irena Pavelková, Czech slalom canoeist
- Jake Pavelka, American pilot
- Jaroslav Pavelka, Czech ice hockey player
- Jessie Pavelka, American fitness trainer
- Karol Pavelka, Slovak footballer
- Paul Pavelka, American aviator
- Roman Pavelka, Czech footballer
- Tomáš Pavelka, Czech ice hockey player
- Zuzana Pavelková, Czech badminton player