Percopsiformes

Percopsiformes
Temporal range: Campanian–recent[1]
Northern cavefish
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Superorder: Paracanthopterygii
Order: Percopsiformes
L. S. Berg, 1940
Type species
Percopsis omiscomaycus
(Walbaum, 1792)
Families

Amblyopsidae (cavefishes)
Aphredoderidae (pirate perch)
Percopsidae (trout-perches)

Synonyms
  • Percopsida
  • Salmopercae
  • Salmopercoidea
  • Heteropygii Tellkampf 1844

The Percopsiformes /pɜːrˈkɒpsɪfɔːrmiːz/ are a small order of freshwater teleost fishes measuring less than 20 cm in length, comprising the trout-perch and its allies.[2]: 319  It contains just ten extant species, grouped into seven genera and three families. Five of these genera are monotypic.[3]

They inhabit freshwater habitats in North America, and fossil evidence indicates that they have inhabited this region since the Late Cretaceous, with both suborders having diverged by the Maastrichtian.[4][1] Most species in this order are known from the eastern and central regions of North America, although the two Percopsis species have a primarily boreal and western distribution, with P. omiscomaycus reaching as far north as the Arctic Circle and P. transmontana being restricted to the Pacific Northwest.

They are generally small fish, ranging from 5 to 20 cm (2.0 to 7.9 in) in adult body length. They are grouped together because of technical characteristics of their internal anatomy, and the different species may appear quite different externally.[5] Despite their scientific name and the common names for some taxa, they are not closely related to actual perches in the order Perciformes, and rather represent a freshwater lineage of the otherwise almost entirely marine superorder Paracanthopterygii. They are more closely related to the cods, dories, and the deep-sea tube-eye, and fossil evidence suggests that their closest relative was the extinct order Sphenocephaliformes, comprising two enigmatic genera of Late Cretaceous marine fish, as well as Omosomopsis, another Cretaceous marine fish from Morocco.[4]

  1. ^ a b Alison M. Murray; Donald B. Brinkman; Michael G. Newbrey; Andrew G. Neuman (2019). "Earliest North American articulated freshwater acanthomorph fish (Teleostei: Percopsiformes) from Upper Cretaceous deposits of Alberta, Canada". Geological Magazine. 157 (7): 1087–1096. doi:10.1017/S0016756819001328. S2CID 212927875.
  2. ^ Facey, Douglas E.; Bowen, Brian W.; Collette, Bruce B.; Helfman, Gene S. (2023). The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, Evolution and Ecology (Third ed.). Wiley. ISBN 9781119341918.
  3. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Order Amblyopsiformes". FishBase. December 2008 version.
  4. ^ a b Near, Thomas J; Thacker, Christine E (18 April 2024). "Phylogenetic classification of living and fossil ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii)". Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 65. doi:10.3374/014.065.0101.
  5. ^ Cohen, Daniel M. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.