Peter Esben-Petersen (18 December 1869, in Sverup near Silkeborg – 2 April 1942, in Silkeborg) was a Danish entomologist who specialised in Neuroptera across the world. He was also interested in the Orthoptera, Ephemeroptera and other insects of Denmark.
Esben-Petersen was a teacher in Silkeborg. He was associated with the entomological series Danmarks Flora og Fauna. For his scientific work on world fauna he received an honorary degree from the University of Copenhagen. His insect collection is largely conserved in the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen, with a part in the Natural History Museum in Aarhus da:Naturhistorisk Museum).