Phytotoxicity

Phytotoxic effects of the fungus Rhytisma_acerinum on a Maple leaf.

Phytotoxicity describes any adverse effects on plant growth, physiology, or metabolism caused by a chemical substance, such as high levels of fertilizers, herbicides, heavy metals, or nanoparticles.[1] General phytotoxic effects include altered plant metabolism, growth inhibition, or plant death.[2] Changes to plant metabolism and growth are the result of disrupted physiological functioning, including inhibition of photosynthesis, water and nutrient uptake, cell division, or seed germination.[1]

  1. ^ a b Hasanuzzaman M, Mohsin SM, Bhuyan MB, Bhuiyan TF, Anee TI, Masud AA, Nahar K (2020), "Phytotoxicity, environmental and health hazards of herbicides: challenges and ways forward", Agrochemicals Detection, Treatment and Remediation, Elsevier, pp. 55–99, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-103017-2.00003-9, ISBN 978-0-08-103017-2, S2CID 213066898
  2. ^ Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TV (2010). "Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review". Environmental Chemistry Letters. 8 (3): 199–216. doi:10.1007/s10311-010-0297-8. ISSN 1610-3653. S2CID 36324891.