Qara Qoyunlu قره قویونلو | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1374–1468 | |||||||||||||
 Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans, lighter blue shows their greatest extent in Iraq and Arabian East Coast for a small period of time | |||||||||||||
| Status | Confederation | ||||||||||||
| Capital | |||||||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||||||
| Religion | Shia Islam (possibly) | ||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
| Ruler | |||||||||||||
• 1374–1378 | Bayram Khwaja (first) | ||||||||||||
• 1467–1468 | Hasan Ali (last) | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||||||
• Established | 1374 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1468 | ||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
• Total | 520.000 km2 (200.773 sq mi) | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Akçe[7] Tanka[7] | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
The Qara Qoyunlu or Kara Koyunlu (Azerbaijani: Qaraqoyunlular, قاراقویونلولار; Persian: قره قویونلو), also known as the Black Sheep Turkomans, were a culturally Persianate, Muslim Turkoman[8][9][10] monarchy that ruled over the territory comprising present-day Azerbaijan, Armenia, northwestern Iran, eastern Turkey, and northeastern Iraq from about 1374 to 1468.[11][12]
- ^ a b Faruk Sümer (1988–2016). "KARAKOYUNLULAR Doğu Anadolu, Azerbaycan, İran ve Irak'ta hüküm süren Türkmen hânedanı (1351-1469).". TDV Encyclopedia of Islam (44+2 vols.) (in Turkish). Istanbul: Turkiye Diyanet Foundation, Centre for Islamic Studies.
- ^ Arjomand 2016, p. 11.
- ^ Minorsky 1954, p. 282.
- ^ Faruk Sümer (1992). "Başlangıçtan Cihan-Şah'a Kadar". Kara Koyunlular (in Turkish). Vol. 1. Turkish Historical Society. p. 8. ISBN 9789751748478.
- ^ a b Minorsky 1954, p. 283.
- ^ Bauden 2019, p. 423.
- ^ a b "Coins from the tribal federation of Qara Qoyunlu – Numista". en.numista.com.
- ^ Philippe, Beaujard (2019). "Western Asia: Revival of the Persian Gulf". The Worlds of the Indian Ocean. Cambridge University Press. pp. 515–521. ISBN 9781108341219. "In a state of demographic stagnation or downturn, the region was an easy prey for nomadic Turkmen. The Turkmen, however, never managed to build strong states, owing to a lack of sedentary populations (Martinez-Gros 2009: 643). When Tamerlane died in 1405, the Jalāyerid sultan Ahmad, who had fled Iraq, came back to Baghdad. Five years later, he died in Tabriz (1410) in a battle led against the Turkmen Kara Koyunlu ("[Those of the] Black Sheep"), who took Baghdad in 1412."
- ^ "Kara Koyunlu". Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Kara Koyunlu, also spelled Qara Qoyunlu, Turkish Karakoyunlular, English Black Sheep, Turkmen tribal federation that ruled Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Iraq from about 1375 to 1468."
- ^ The Book of Dede Korkut (F.Sumer, A.Uysal, W.Walker ed.). University of Texas Press. 1972. p. Introduction. ISBN 0-292-70787-8. "Better known as Turkomans... the interim Ak-Koyunlu and Karakoyunlu dynasties..."
- ^ Kouymjian 2004, p. 4.
- ^ "Kara Koyunlu | History, Meaning, & Capital | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
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