Rain beetle

Rain beetles
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous–recent
Pleocoma
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Suborder: Polyphaga
Infraorder: Scarabaeiformia
Superfamily: Scarabaeoidea
Family: Pleocomidae
LeConte, 1861
Genera

The rain beetles are a group of beetles whose extant species are found only in the far west of North America.[1] They spend most of their lives underground, emerging in response to rain or snow, thus the common name. Formerly classified in the Scarabaeidae (and later the Geotrupidae), they are currently assigned to their own family Pleocomidae, considered the sister group to all the remaining families of Scarabaeoidea. The family contains a single extant genus, Pleocoma, and two extinct genera, Cretocoma, described in 2002 from Late Cretaceous deposits in Mongolia,[2] and Proteroscarabeus of Late Cretaceous China.[3]

Adult rain beetles lack functioning mouthparts and are unable to feed. Instead, they rely on fat storage from when they were larvae and fed on various deciduous fruit trees' roots, resulting in patches or winding bands on tree roots. This ultimately causes reduced foliage and fruit yield for trees. The larvae of rain beetles can only be found through digging to the root zone where larvae feed and observing damages. Male Pleocoma beetles, however, are attracted to light and can be monitored through that method.[4]

Male rain beetles exhibit most mating behavior during winter nights. As the females are flightless, the males spend a large portion of time walking on snow in search of them. This also limits the known modern distribution of the beetles.[5] The male's ability to maintain a high internal temperature, up to 95 degrees, is critical to their mating and survival prospects, as their thoracic pile is ineffective insulation.[6]

The lifespan of rain beetles is also dependent on their sex. The males live only a few days, expending most of their energy in search of mates, while the females can survive a few months in their burrow.[5]

Most rain beetle populations are in mountainous California. They have not been found in the desert but also live in parts of the Sacramento Valley and coastal plain of the San Diego Valley. Extant members of Pleocoma are known from extreme southern Washington, throughout the mountains of Oregon and California, and into the extreme north of Baja California.[1]

  1. ^ a b Hovore, Frank T. "Generic Guide to New World Scarab Beetles". unsm-ento.unl.edu. University of Nebraska State Museum - Division of Entomology. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  2. ^ Frank-Thorsten Krell. "Catalogue of fossil Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera: Polyphaga) of the Mesozoic and Tertiary" (PDF). Natural History Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
  3. ^ Krell, Frank-Thorsten. "The fossil record of Mesozoic and Tertiary Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera: Polyphaga)." Invertebrate Systematics 14.6 (2000): 871-905.
  4. ^ "Rain Beetles | WSU Tree Fruit | Washington State University". Retrieved 2024-03-16.
  5. ^ a b Evans, Arthur V.; Hogue, James N., eds. (2005-12-31). Introduction to California Beetles. University of California Press. doi:10.1525/9780520937567. ISBN 978-0-520-93756-7.
  6. ^ Morgan, Kenneth R. (1987-03-01). "Temperature Regulation, Energy Metabolism and Mate-Searching in Rain Beetles (Pleocoma Spp.), Winter-Active, Endothermic Scarabs (Coleoptera)". Journal of Experimental Biology. 128 (1): 107–122. doi:10.1242/jeb.128.1.107. ISSN 0022-0949.