Recurrent miscarriage

Recurrent miscarriage
Other namesHabitual abortion, recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL)
SpecialtyObstetrics

Recurrent miscarriage or recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is the spontaneous loss of 2-3 pregnancies that is estimated to affect up to 5% of women. The exact number of pregnancy losses and gestational weeks used to define RPL differs among medical societies.[1] In the majority of cases, the exact cause of pregnancy loss is unexplained despite genetic testing and a thorough evaluation. When a cause for RPL is identified, almost half are attributed to a chromosomal abnormality (ie. aneuploidy). RPL has been associated with several risk factors including parental and genetic factors (ie. advanced maternal age, chromosomal abnormalities, sperm DNA fragmentation), congenital and acquired anatomical conditions, lifestyle factors (ie. cigarette smoking, caffeine, alcohol, stress), endocrine disorders, thrombophila (clotting disorders), immunological factors, and infections. The American Society of Reproductive Medicine recommends a thorough evaluation after 2 consecutive pregnancy losses; however, this can differ from recommendations by other medical societies.[1][2] RPL evaluation can be evaluated by numerous tests and imaging studies depending on the risk factors. These range from cytogenetic studies, blood tests for clotting disorders, hormone levels, diabetes screening, thyroid function tests, sperm analysis, antibody testing, and imaging studies. Treatment is typically tailored to the relevant risk factors and test findings. RPL can have a significant impact on the psychological well-being of couples and has been associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Therefore, it is recommended that appropriate screening and management (ie. pharmacologic, counseling services) be considered by medical providers.   

  1. ^ a b Giouleka, Sonia; Tsakiridis, Ioannis; Arsenaki, Elisavet; Kalogiannidis, Ioannis; Mamopoulos, Apostolos; Papanikolaou, Evangelos; Athanasiadis, Apostolos; Dagklis, Themistoklis (May 2023). "Investigation and Management of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: A Comprehensive Review of Guidelines". Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 78 (5): 287–301. doi:10.1097/OGX.0000000000001133. ISSN 1533-9866. PMID 37263963. S2CID 258358167.
  2. ^ Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (November 2012). "Evaluation and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion". Fertility and Sterility. 98 (5): 1103–1111. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.048. PMID 22835448.