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A reform school was a penal institution, generally for teenagers, mainly operating between 1830 and 1900. In the United Kingdom and its colonies, reformatories (commonly called reform schools) were set up from 1854 onward for children who were convicted of a crime, as an alternative to an adult prison. In parallel, industrial schools were set up for vagrants and children needing protection. Both were 'certified' by the government from 1857 onward, and in 1932, the systems merged and both were 'approved' and became approved schools.
Both in the United Kingdom and the United States, they came out of social concerns about cities, poverty, immigration and vagrancy following industrialization, as well as from a shift in society's attitude from retribution (punishing the miscreant) to reforming.[1][2]
They were distinct from borstals (UK; 1902–1982), which were enclosed juvenile prisons.[3]
- ^ Ploszajska, Teresa (1994). "Moral landscapes and manipulated spaces: gender, class and space in Victorian reformatory schools". Journal of Historical Geography. 20 (4): 413–429. doi:10.1006/jhge.1994.1032.
- ^ W., Pisciotta, Alexander (1994). Benevolent repression : social control and the American reformatory-prison movement. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814766231. OCLC 29358320.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Australian Government, Cockatoo Island