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Rydberg matter[1] is an exotic phase of matter formed by Rydberg atoms; it was predicted around 1980 by É. A. Manykin, M. I. Ozhovan and P. P. Poluéktov.[2][3] It has been formed from various elements like caesium,[4] potassium,[5] hydrogen[6][7] and nitrogen;[8] studies have been conducted on theoretical possibilities like sodium, beryllium, magnesium and calcium.[9] It has been suggested to be a material that diffuse interstellar bands may arise from.[10] Circular[11] Rydberg states, where the outermost electron is found in a planar circular orbit, are the most long-lived, with lifetimes of up to several hours,[12] and are the most common.[13][14][15]
- ^ Wang, Jiaxi; Holmlid, Leif (2002). "Rydberg Matter clusters of hydrogen with well-defined kinetic energy release observed by neutral time-of-flight". Chemical Physics. 277 (2): 201. Bibcode:2002CP....277..201W. doi:10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00303-8.
- ^ É.A. Manykin; M.I. Ozhovan; P.P. Poluéktov (1980). "Transition of an excited gas to a metallic state". Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. Lett. 6: 95.
- ^ É.A. Manykin, M.I. Ozhovan, P.P. Poluéktov; Ozhovan; Poluéktov (1981). "On the collective electronic state in a system of strongly excited atoms". Sov. Phys. Dokl. 26: 974–975. Bibcode:1981SPhD...26..974M.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ V.I. Yarygin; V.N. Sidel’nikov; I.I. Kasikov; V.S. Mironov & S.M. Tulin (2003). "Experimental Study on the Possibility of Formation of a Condensate of Excited States in a Substance (Rydberg Matter)". JETP Letters. 77 (6): 280. Bibcode:2003JETPL..77..280Y. doi:10.1134/1.1577757. S2CID 122574536.
- ^ S. Badiei & L. Holmlid (2002). "Neutral Rydberg Matter clusters from K: Extreme cooling of translational degrees of freedom observed by neutral time-of-flight". Chemical Physics. 282 (1): 137–146. Bibcode:2002CP....282..137B. doi:10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00601-8.
- ^ S. Badiei & L. Holmlid (2006). "Experimental studies of fast fragments of H Rydberg matter". Journal of Physics B. 39 (20): 4191–4212. Bibcode:2006JPhB...39.4191B. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/39/20/017. S2CID 120897660.
- ^ J. Wang; Holmlid, Leif (2002). "Rydberg Matter clusters of hydrogen (H2)N* with well-defined kinetic energy release observed by neutral time-of-flight". Chemical Physics. 277 (2): 201. Bibcode:2002CP....277..201W. doi:10.1016/S0301-0104(02)00303-8.
- ^ S. Badiei & L. Holmlid (2002). "Rydberg Matter of K and N2: Angular dependence of the time-of-flight for neutral and ionized clusters formed in Coulomb explosions". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 220 (2): 127. Bibcode:2002IJMSp.220..127B. doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(02)00689-9.
- ^ A.V. Popov (2006). "Search for Rydberg matter: Beryllium, magnesium and calcium". Czechoslovak Journal of Physics. 56 (S2): B1294–B1299. Bibcode:2006CzJPh..56B1294P. doi:10.1007/s10582-006-0365-2. S2CID 120594462.
- ^ L. Holmlid (2008). "The diffuse interstellar band carriers in interstellar space: All intense bands calculated from He doubly excited states embedded in Rydberg Matter". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 384 (2): 764–774. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.384..764H. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12753.x.
- ^ J. Liang; M. Gross; P. Goy; S. Haroche (1986). "Circular Rydberg-state spectroscopy". Physical Review A. 33 (6): 4437–4439. Bibcode:1986PhRvA..33.4437L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.33.4437. PMID 9897204.
- ^ R.L. Sorochenko (1990). "Postulation, detection and observations of radio recombination lines". In M.A. Gordon; R.L. Sorochenko (eds.). Radio recombination lines: 25 years of investigation. Kluwer. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-7923-0804-1.
- ^ L. Holmlid (2007). "Direct observation of circular Rydberg electrons in a Rydberg Matter surface layer by electronic circular dichroism". Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 19 (27): 276206. Bibcode:2007JPCM...19A6206H. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/19/27/276206. S2CID 95032480.
- ^ L. Holmlid (2007). "Stimulated emission spectroscopy of Rydberg Matter: observation of Rydberg orbits in the core ions". Applied Physics B. 87 (2): 273–281. Bibcode:2007ApPhB..87..273H. doi:10.1007/s00340-007-2579-9. S2CID 120239230.
- ^ L. Holmlid (2009). "Nuclear spin transitions in the kHz range in Rydberg Matter clusters give precise values of the internal magnetic field from orbiting Rydberg electrons". Chemical Physics. 358 (1): 61–67. Bibcode:2009CP....358...61H. doi:10.1016/j.chemphys.2008.12.019.