Ṣadr Faujdari ʿAdālat (Urdu: صدر فوجداری عدالت, Bengali: সদর ফৌজদারি আদালত) were courts of criminal justice in Mughal and British India. The Faujdari criminal courts are considered the beginning of Hindu and Muslim "personal law" separated from the jurisdiction of civil law in colonial India – a juridical norm preserved as a key principle of democratic secularism in postcolonial India.[1]