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The sardana (Catalan pronunciation: [səɾˈðanə]; plural sardanes in Catalan) is a Catalan musical genre typical of Catalan culture and danced in circle following a set of steps.[1][2][3] The dance was originally from the Empordà region, but started gaining popularity throughout Catalonia from the late 19th century to beginning of the 20th century[4] after the modernisation done by Josep Maria Ventura i Casas.[1]
Men and women join together in a circle by holding hands and facing inwards to dance either the historical sardana curta (with an approximate duration of 5 minutes) or the present-day sardana llarga (with a duration of approximately 12–13 minutes).[3] Other more unusual sardanes are the sardana de lluïment and the sardana revessa.[5]
The steps are meticulously counted as two- or three-step movements taken sideways within the circle. The direction of the steps is alternated. The hands stay on the hip or shoulder level depending on the step structure. The pattern of the choreography has jumping intervals changing with the music. Usually there is more than one circle with varying tempo and levels of dance knowledge.[3]
The participants are called sardanistes. Professional dancers organise themselves in colles sardanistes, colla meaning group or club. All colles are united under the Confederació Sardanista de Catalunya.[3]
Sardana is mainly danced during festivities and on weekends. Sardanes danced during a festival are termed aplecs. Brief public dances are known as ballades. The accompanying orchestra of 11 people, a cobla, includes 10 wind instruments and a bass. One person plays the flabiol (a flute) and the tambori (a small hand drum). Since the 1980s female musicians are also allowed in the cobles.[3]
This dance stands out from others because it allows people to join a public dance circle at any time, for anyone of any age and background who is familiar with the sardana can drop their coat and bag in the centre of the circle and join in. It is emphasised by sardanistes as the specialty of the sardana.[3]
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Castell, Pere (1972). "De nostra història musical. Una dansa de l'antigor: el contrapàs". Llibre de la Festa Major de Torroella de Montgrí (in Catalan). ISSN 2014-4873.
- ^ a b c d e f Weig, Doerte (25 November 2015). "Sardana and castellers: moving bodies and cultural politics in Catalonia". Social Anthropology. 23 (4): 435–449. doi:10.1111/1469-8676.12219. hdl:10261/135097. ISSN 0964-0282.
- ^ "La Sardana". Patrimouni festiu de Catalunya. Generalitat de Catalunya. Retrieved 2018-07-22.
- ^ "sardana revessa | enciclopedia.cat". www.enciclopedia.cat. Retrieved 2022-12-28.