^ abWalker, F. (1850). Diptera. Part I, pp. 1-76, pls. 1-2. In [Saunders, W. W. (ed.)], Insecta Saundersiana: or characters of undescribed insects in the collection of William Wilson Saunders, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c. Vol. 1. London: Van Voorst. p. 474.
^Fairchild, G.B.; Burger, J.F. (1994). "A catalog of the Tabanidae (Diptera) of the Americas south of the United States". Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute. 55: vii + 249.