Schizoid personality disorder

Schizoid personality disorder
Man sitting alone on a bench
People with schizoid personality disorder often prefer solitary activities.
Pronunciation
SpecialtyPsychiatry, clinical psychology
SymptomsPervasive emotional detachment, reduced affect, lack of close friends, apathy, anhedonia, unintentional insensitivity to social norms, sexual abstinence, preoccupation with fantasy,[1] autistic thinking without loss of skill to recognize reality[2]
Usual onsetLate childhood or adolescence[1]
DurationLifelong
TypesLanguid schizoid, remote schizoid, depersonalized schizoid, affectless schizoid (Millon's subtypes)
CausesFamily history; cold, indifferent, or intrusive parenting; traumatic brain injury; low birth weight; prenatal malnutrition
Risk factorsFamily history[3]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms
Differential diagnosisOther mental disorders with psychotic symptoms (schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and a bipolar or depressive disorder with psychotic features), personality change due to another medical condition, substance use disorders, autism spectrum disorder, other personality disorders and personality traits (such as introversion)
TreatmentPsychodynamic psychotherapy; Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
MedicationNot general practice but may include low dose benzodiazepines, β-blockers, nefazodone, bupropion[4]
PrognosisTypically poor[5][6][7]
Frequency0.8%[3][5][8]
Personality disorders
Cluster A (odd)
Cluster B (dramatic)
Cluster C (anxious)
Not otherwise specified
Depressive
Others

Schizoid personality disorder (/ˈskɪtsɔɪd, ˈskɪdzɔɪd, ˈskɪzɔɪd/, often abbreviated as SzPD or ScPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social relationships,[9] a tendency toward a solitary or sheltered lifestyle, secretiveness, emotional coldness, detachment, and apathy.[10] Affected individuals may be unable to form intimate attachments to others and simultaneously possess a rich and elaborate but exclusively internal fantasy world.[11] Other associated features include stilted speech, a lack of deriving enjoyment from most activities, feeling as though one is an "observer" rather than a participant in life, an inability to tolerate emotional expectations of others, apparent indifference when praised or criticized, all forms of asexuality, and idiosyncratic moral or political beliefs.[12]

Symptoms typically start in late childhood or adolescence.[10] The cause of SzPD is uncertain, but there is some evidence of links and shared genetic risk between SzPD, other cluster A personality disorders, and schizophrenia.[13][14][15][16][17] Thus, SzPD is considered to be a "schizophrenia-like personality disorder".[3][18] It is diagnosed by clinical observation, and it can be very difficult to distinguish SzPD from other mental disorders or conditions (such as autism spectrum disorder, with which it may sometimes overlap).[19][20]

The effectiveness of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological treatments for the disorder has yet to be empirically and systematically investigated. This is largely because people with SzPD rarely seek treatment for their condition.[10] Originally, low doses of atypical antipsychotics were used to treat some symptoms of SzPD, but their use is no longer recommended.[21] The substituted amphetamine bupropion may be used to treat associated anhedonia.[4] However, it is not general practice to treat SzPD with medications, other than for the short-term treatment of acute co-occurring disorders (e.g. depression).[22] Talk therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may not be effective, because people with SzPD may have a hard time forming a good working relationship with a therapist.[10]

SzPD is a poorly studied disorder, and there is little clinical data on SzPD because it is rarely encountered in clinical settings. Studies have generally reported a prevalence of less than 1%.[3][8][23] It is more commonly diagnosed in males than in females.[8] SzPD is linked to negative outcomes, including a significantly compromised quality of life, reduced overall functioning even after 15 years, and one of the lowest levels of "life success" of all personality disorders (measured as "status, wealth and successful relationships").[5][24][25] Bullying is particularly common towards schizoid individuals.[26][27] Suicide may be a running mental theme for schizoid individuals, though they are not likely to attempt it.[28] Some symptoms of SzPD (e.g. solitary lifestyle, emotional detachment, loneliness, and impaired communication), however, have been stated as general risk factors for serious suicidal behavior.[29][30]

  1. ^ a b "F60 Specific personality disorders" (PDF). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders – Diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 149.
  2. ^ American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, D. C. p. 42. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890420355.dsm-ii (inactive 1 November 2024). ISBN 978-0-89042-035-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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  11. ^ Reber A, Allen R, Reber E (2009) [1985]. The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology (4th ed.). London; New York: Penguin Books. p. 706. ISBN 978-0-14-103024-1. OCLC 288985213.
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  15. ^ Kendler KS, Myers J, Torgersen S, Neale MC, Reichborn-Kjennerud T (May 2007). "The heritability of cluster A personality disorders assessed by both personal interview and questionnaire". Psychological Medicine. 37 (5): 655–665. doi:10.1017/S0033291706009755 (inactive 1 November 2024). PMID 17224098. S2CID 465473. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
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  20. ^ Cook ML, Zhang Y, Constantino JN (February 2020). "On the Continuity Between Autistic and Schizoid Personality Disorder Trait Burden: A Prospective Study in Adolescence". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 208 (2): 94–100. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001105. PMC 6982569. PMID 31856140.
  21. ^ Thylstrup B, Hesse M (2009-04-01). ""I am not complaining"--ambivalence construct in schizoid personality disorder". American Journal of Psychotherapy. 63 (2): 147–167. doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2009.63.2.147. PMID 19711768. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022.
  22. ^ "Schizoid personality disorder – Diagnosis and treatment – Mayo Clinic". mayoclinic.org. August 17, 2017. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved 2022-09-30.
  23. ^ "Schizoid Personality Disorder (pp. 652–655)". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (2013). American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8 – via Internet Archive.
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