| Arver v. United States Grahl v. United States Wangerin v. United States Wangerin v. United States Kramer v. United States Graubard v. United States | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Argued December 13–14, 1917 Decided January 7, 1918 | |
| Full case name | Arver v. United States, 245 U.S. 366 Grahl v. United States Wangerin v. United States Wangerin v. United States Goldman v. United States, 245 U.S. 474 Kramer v. United States, 245 U.S. 478 Ruthenburg v. United States, 245 U.S. 480 Graubard v. United States |
| Citations | 245 U.S. 366 (more) |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinion | |
| Majority | White, joined by unanimous |
| Laws applied | |
| Selective Service Act of 1917 | |
Arver v. United States, 245 U.S. 366 (1918), also known as the Selective Draft Law Cases, was a United States Supreme Court decision which upheld the Selective Service Act of 1917, and more generally, upheld conscription in the United States. The Supreme Court held that conscription did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment's prohibition of involuntary servitude, or the First Amendment's protection of freedom of conscience.
The Solicitor General's argument, and the court's opinion, were based primarily on Kneedler v. Lane, which was actually multiple opinions of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania during the American Civil War that upheld the Enrollment Act, and Vattel's The Law of Nations (1758).[1][2] The reliance on the Kneedler v. Lane decisions of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court have been questioned on multiple occasions.[2][3]
As reasoning for its decision, laws of the following governments of sovereign states were given as listed in The Statesman's Yearbook for 1917 as enforcing military service:
- Argentina[4]
- Austria-Hungary[5]
- Belgium[6]
- Brazil[7]
- Bulgaria[8]
- Bolivia[9]
- Canada[10]
- Colombia[11]
- Chile[12]
- China[13]
- Denmark[14]
- Ecuador[15]
- El Salvador[16]
- France[17][18]
- Greece[19]
- Germany[20][21][22][23]
- Guatemala[24]
- Honduras[25]
- Italy[26]
- Japan[27]
- Mexico[28]
- Montenegro[29]
- Netherlands[30]
- Nicaragua[31]
- Norway[32]
- Peru[30]
- Portugal[33]
- Romania[34]
- Russia[35]
- Serbia[36]
- Siam[37]
- Spain[38]
- Switzerland[39]
- Turkey[40]
- ^ Leach, Jack Franklin (1952). Conscription in the United States: Historical Background. Rutland, Vt.: C.E. Tuttle Pub. Co. p. vi. OCLC 1727243.
- ^ a b Delehant, John W. (December 1967). "A Judicial Revisitation Finds Kneedler v. Lane Not So 'Amazing'". ABA Journal. 53: 1132.
- ^ Bernstein, JL (August 1967). "Conscription and the Constitution: The Amazing Case of Kneedler v. Lane". ABA Journal. 53: 708.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 656.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 667.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 712.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 738.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 747.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 728.
- ^ Military Service Act of August 27, 1917, expressly providing for service abroad. Printed in the Congressional Record of September 20, 1917, 55th Cong. Rec., p. 7959
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 790.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 754.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 770.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 811.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 820.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1270.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 841.
- ^ La loi du 15 juillet 1889 sur le recrutement de l'armée, July 15, 1889 (Duvergier, vol. 89, p. 440), modified by act of March 21, 1905 (Duvergier, vol. 105, p. 133)
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1001.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 914.
- ^ Constitution, German Empire, April 16, 1871, Art. 57, 59
- ^ Gesetz, betreffend Aenderungen der Wehrpflicht, vom February 11, 1888, No. 1767, Reichs-Gesetzblatt, p. 11, amended by law of July 22, 1913, No. 4264, RGBl., p. 593
- ^ Dodd 1909, p. 344.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1009.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1018.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1036.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1064.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1090.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1098.
- ^ a b Keltie 1917, p. 1191.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1142.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1152.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1201.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1220.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1240.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1281.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1288.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1300.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1337.
- ^ Keltie 1917, p. 1353.