Sharifate of Mecca شرافة مكة | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 967–1916 | |||||||||
.svg) Flag | |||||||||
 1695 map of the Sharifate of Mecca | |||||||||
| Status | under Abbasid Caliphate (967–969) Fatimid Caliphate (969–1171) Zengid Sultanate (1171–1174) Ayyubid Sultanate (1174–1254) Abbasid Caliphate (Mamluk Sultanate) (1254–1517) Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1783) Emirate of Diriyah (1783–1818) Ottoman Caliphate (1818–1916) | ||||||||
| Capital | Mecca | ||||||||
| Official languages | Arabic | ||||||||
| Religion | Zaydi Islam Sunni Islam (later) | ||||||||
| Sharif | |||||||||
• 967–980 | Ja'far ibn Muhammad | ||||||||
• 1916 | Hussein bin Ali | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of |  Saudi Arabia | ||||||||
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The Sharifate of Mecca (Arabic: شرافة مكة, romanized: Sharāfat Makka) or Emirate of Mecca[1] was a state, non-sovereign for much of its existence, ruled by the Sharif of Mecca. A sharif is a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali, Muhammad's grandson.[2] In Western sources, the prince of Mecca was known as Grand Sherif, but Arabs have always used the appellation "Emir".[3]
The Sharifate existed from about 967 to 1916, when it became the Kingdom of Hejaz.[4] From 1201, the descendants of the Sharifian patriarch Qatada ruled over Mecca, Medina and the Hejaz in unbroken succession until 1925.[5] Originally a Zaydi Shi'ite emirate, the Hasanid Sharifs converted to the Shafi'i rite of Sunni Islam in the late Mamluk or early Ottoman period.[6][7] Their Husaynid kin who traditionally ruled over Medina professed Twelver Shi'ism. Both the Hasanid sharifs in Mecca and Husaynid sharifs in Medina converted to Sunnism in the Mamluk period, however, Mamluk and Ottoman sources hint towards continued Shia sympathies from among the ruling Hasanids and Husaynids after their conversion to Sunnism.[8]
- ^ Randall Baker (1979). King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz. The Oleander Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-900891-48-9. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
- ^ Gerhard Böwering; Patricia Crone; Mahan Mirza (2011). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. Princeton University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-691-13484-0. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Hogarth1978was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Joshua Teitelbaum (2001). The Rise and Fall of the Hashimite Kingdom of Arabia. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-85065-460-5. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
- ^ Jordan: Keys to the Kingdom. Jordan Media Group. 1995. p. xvi.
- ^ Die Welt des Islams: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Islamkunde. D. Reimer. 2008.
- ^ Richard T. Mortel "Zaydi Shi'ism and the Hasanid Sharifs of Mecca," International Journal of Middle East Studies 19 (1987): 455–472, at 462-464
- ^ "The Zaydi denomination of the (Ḥasanid) Sharifian rulers of Mecca and the Imāmi-Shiʿi leanings of the (Ḥusaynid) emirs of Medina were well known to medieval Sunni and Shiʿi observers. This situation gradually changed under Mamluk rule (for the development over several centuries, up to the end of the Mamluk period, see articles by Mortel mentioned in the bibliography below). A number of Shiʿite and Sunnite sources hint at (alleged or real) sympathy for the Shiʿa among the Hāshemite (officially Sunni) families of the Ḥejāz, or at least some of their members". Encyclopedia Iranica. www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shiites-in-arabia