Siblicide

A Nazca booby (Sula granti) with a chick and egg. When the second egg hatches, any siblings present will almost certainly kill their younger brother or sister.
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Siblicide (attributed by behavioural ecologist Doug Mock to Barbara M. Braun) is the killing of an infant individual by its close relatives (full or half siblings). It may occur directly between siblings or be mediated by the parents, and is driven by the direct fitness benefits to the perpetrator and sometimes its parents. Siblicide has mainly, but not only, been observed in birds. (The word is also used as a unifying term for fratricide and sororicide in the human species; unlike these more specific terms, it leaves the sex of the victim unspecified.)

Siblicidal behavior can be either obligate or facultative.[1] Obligate siblicide is when a sibling almost always ends up being killed. Facultative siblicide means that siblicide may or may not occur, based on environmental conditions. In birds, obligate siblicidal behavior results in the older chick killing the other chick(s).[2] In facultative siblicidal animals, fighting is frequent, but does not always lead to death of a sibling; this type of behavior often exists in patterns for different species. For instance, in the blue-footed booby, a sibling may be hit by a nest mate only once a day for a couple of weeks and then attacked at random, leading to its death. More birds are facultatively siblicidal than obligatory siblicidal.[3] This is perhaps because siblicide takes a great amount of energy and is not always advantageous.

Siblicide generally only occurs when resources, specifically food sources, are scarce.[2] Siblicide is advantageous for the surviving offspring because they have now eliminated most or all of their competition. It is also somewhat advantageous for the parents because the surviving offspring most likely have the strongest genes, and therefore likely have the highest fitness.[citation needed]

Some parents encourage siblicide, while others prevent it.[citation needed] If resources are scarce, the parents may encourage siblicide because only some offspring will survive anyway, so they want the strongest offspring to survive. By letting the offspring kill each other, it saves the parents time and energy that would be wasted on feeding offspring that most likely would not survive anyway.[improper synthesis?]

  1. ^ Morandini, V.; Ferrer, M. (2015-01-02). "Sibling aggression and brood reduction: a review". Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 27 (1): 2–16. doi:10.1080/03949370.2014.880161. ISSN 0394-9370. S2CID 84941087.
  2. ^ a b Mock, D. W.; Drummond, H. & Stinson, C. H. (1990). "Avian Siblicide" (PDF). American Scientist. 78 (5): 438–449. Bibcode:1990AmSci..78..438M.[dead link‍]
  3. ^ Anderson, David J. (March 1990). "Evolution of obligate siblicide in boobies: A test of the insurance egg hypothesis" (PDF). The American Naturalist. 135 (3): 334–350. doi:10.1086/285049. S2CID 86654866. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-01.