Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor

Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) (NCBI Accession no. AAK31795) is a protein and the soluble form of uPAR. uPAR is expressed mainly on immune cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. uPAR is a membrane-bound receptor for uPA, also known as urokinase and Vitronectin. The soluble version of uPAR, called suPAR, results from the cleavage and membrane-bound uPAR during inflammation or immune activation.[1] The suPAR concentration is positively correlated to the activation level of the immune system. Therefore, suPAR is a marker of disease severity and aggressiveness[1][2] and is associated with morbidity and mortality in several acute and chronic diseases.[3][4][5][6] suPAR levels have been observed to increase with age.[7] suPAR is present in plasma, urine, blood, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid.

  1. ^ a b Thunø, Maria; Macho, Betina; Eugen-Olsen, Jesper (2009). "SuPAR: The Molecular Crystal Ball". Disease Markers. 27 (3–4): 157–72
  2. ^ Enocsson H, Wirestam L, Dahle C, Padyukov L, Jönsen A, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD, Romero-Diaz J, Bae SC, Fortin PR, Sanchez-Guerrero J, Clarke AE, Bernatsky S, Gordon C, Hanly JG, Wallace DJ, Isenberg DA, Rahman A, Merrill JT, Ginzler E, Alarcón GS, Chatham WW, Petri M, Khamashta M, Aranow C, Mackay M, Dooley MA, Manzi S, Ramsey-Goldman R, Nived O, Steinsson K, Zoma AA, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lim SS, Kalunian KC, Inanc M, van Vollenhoven RF, Ramos-Casals M, Kamen DL, Jacobsen S, Peschken CA, Askanase A, Stoll T, Bruce IN, Wetterö J, Sjöwall C. Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) levels predict damage accrual in patients with recent-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun. 2020 Jan;106:102340. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102340. Epub 2019 Oct 17. PMID 31629628.
  3. ^ Enocsson, Helena; Sjöwall, Christopher (April 2015). "Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor—A valuable biomarker in systemic lupus erythematosus?". Clinica Chimica Acta. 444: 234–241
  4. ^ Enocsson, Helena; Wetterö, Jonas; Skogh, Thomas; Sjöwall, Christopher (2013). "Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels reflect organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus". Translational Research. 162 (5): 287–296.
  5. ^ Sjöwall, C; Martinsson, K; Cardell, K; Ekstedt, M; Kechagias, S (2014). "Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor levels are associated with severity of fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease". Translational Research. 165 (6): 658–66.
  6. ^ Hahm, E; et al. (December 2016). "Bone marrow-derived immature myeloid cells are a main source of circulating suPAR contributing to proteinuric kidney disease". Nature Medicine. 23 (1): 100–106. 
  7. ^ Eugen-Olsen, J. et al. "Circulating Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Predicts Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes and Mortality in the General Population."Journal of Internal Medicine (2010).