Solvothermal synthesis

Schematic diagram of solvothermal synthesis setup: (1) stainless steel autoclave (2) precursor solution (3) Teflon liner (4) stainless steel lid (5) spring

Solvothermal synthesis is a method of producing chemical compounds, in which a solvent containing reagents is put under high pressure and temperature in an autoclave. Many substances dissolve better in the same solvent in such conditions than at standard conditions, enabling reactions that would not otherwise occur and leading to new compounds or polymorphs. Solvothermal synthesis is very similar to the hydrothermal route; both are typically conducted in a stainless steel autoclave. The only difference being that the precursor solution is usually non-aqueous.[1]

Solvothermal synthesis has been used prepare MOFs,[2][3] titanium dioxide,[4] and graphene,[5] carbon spheres,[6] chalcogenides[7] and other materials.

  1. ^ Demazeau, G. (2008). "Solvothermal reactions: an original route for the synthesis of novel materials". J. Mater. Sci. 43 (7): 2104–2114. Bibcode:2008JMatS..43.2104D. doi:10.1007/s10853-007-2024-9. S2CID 55825984.
  2. ^ Yaghi, O. M.; Kalmutzki, M. J.; Diercks, C. S. (2019). Introduction to Reticular Chemistry: Metal-Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. ISBN 978-3-527-82110-5.
  3. ^ Farha, Omar K.; Hupp, Joseph T. (2010). "Rational Design, Synthesis, Purification, and Activation of Metal−Organic Framework Materials". Accounts of Chemical Research. 43 (8): 1166–1175. doi:10.1021/ar1000617. PMID 20608672.
  4. ^ Ong, Wee-Jun; Tan, Lling-Lling; Chai, Siang-Piao; Yong, Siek-Ting; Mohamed, Abdul Rahman (2014). "Highly reactive {001} facets of TiO2-based composites: Synthesis, formation mechanism and characterization". Nanoscale. 6 (4): 1946–2008. Bibcode:2014Nanos...6.1946O. doi:10.1039/c3nr04655a. PMID 24384624.
  5. ^ Xiang, Quanjun; Yu, Jiaguo; Jaroniec, Mietek (2012). "Graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts". Chem. Soc. Rev. 41 (2): 782–796. doi:10.1039/C1CS15172J. PMID 21853184.
  6. ^ Hu, Gang; Ma, Ding; Cheng, Mojie; Liu, Lin; Bao, Xinhe (2002). "Direct synthesis of uniform hollow carbon spheres by a self-assembly template approach". Chemical Communications (17): 1948–1949. doi:10.1039/B205723A. PMID 12271688.
  7. ^ Li, J.; Chen, Z.; Wang, R. J.; Proserpio, D. M. (1999). "Low temperature route towards new materials: Solvothermal synthesis of metal chalcogenides in ethylenediamine". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 190–192: 707–735. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(99)00107-1.