Soyuz TMA

Soyuz-TMA

Manufacturer	Energia
Country of origin	Russia
Operator	Roscosmos
Applications	ISS crew transport
Specifications
Regime	Low Earth orbit
Design life	Up to six months docked to ISS
Production
Status	Retired
Launched	22
Maiden launch	30 October 2002 (Soyuz TMA-1)
Last launch	14 November 2011 (Soyuz TMA-22)
Related spacecraft
Derived from	Soyuz-TM
Derivatives	Soyuz TMA-M

The Soyuz-TMA (Russian: транспортный модифицированный антропометрический, romanized: Transportnyi Modifitsirovannyi Antropometricheskii, lit. 'Transport Modified Anthropometric') was a spacecraft built by Energia and used by Roscosmos for human spaceflight. It is a revision of the Soyuz spacecraft introduced in 2001 and was in use until 2012 after being superseded in 2010 by the Soyuz TMA-M. While it looks identical to the earlier Soyuz-TM on the outside, the spacecraft features several changes to accommodate requirements requested by NASA to better service the International Space Station.^[1] The most important difference are the anthropometric changes, primarily in the form of new adjustable crew couches that allowed shorter, taller, lighter and heavier passengers to ride in the spacecraft. The Soyuz also received improved parachute systems and a "glass cockpit," a first for an expendable vehicle.