Space Shuttle orbiter

Space Shuttle orbiter

Discovery approaches the International Space Station (ISS) on STS-121
Manufacturer	Rockwell International (North American Aircraft Operations)
Country of origin	United States
Operator	NASA
Applications	Crew and cargo spaceplane
Specifications
Spacecraft type	Crewed, reusable
Launch mass	110,000 kg (240,000 lb)
Dry mass	78,000 kg (172,000 lb)
Regime	Low Earth orbit
Dimensions
Length	37.237 m (122.17 ft)
Height	17.86 m (58.6 ft)
Wingspan	23.79 m (78.1 ft)
Capacity
Payload to Low Earth orbit
Mass	24,310 kg (53,590 lb)
Production
Status	Retired
Built	6
Launched	5 orbiters 135 missions
Lost	2 orbiters
Maiden launch	Space Shuttle Columbia STS-1 (April 12, 1981)
Last launch	Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-135 (July 8, 2011)
Last retirement	Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-135 (July 21, 2011)

The Space Shuttle orbiter is the spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle, a partially reusable orbital spacecraft system that was part of the discontinued Space Shuttle program. Operated from 1981 to 2011 by NASA,^[1] the U.S. space agency, this vehicle could carry astronauts and payloads into low Earth orbit, perform in-space operations, then re-enter the atmosphere and land as a glider, returning its crew and any on-board payload to the Earth.

Six orbiters were built for flight: Enterprise, Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. All were built in Palmdale, California, by the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based Rockwell International company's North American Aircraft Operations branch. The first orbiter, Enterprise, made its maiden flight in 1977. An unpowered glider, it was carried by a modified Boeing 747 airliner called the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and released for a series of atmospheric test flights and landings. Enterprise was partially disassembled and retired after completion of critical testing. The remaining orbiters were fully operational spacecraft, and were launched vertically as part of the Space Shuttle stack.

Columbia was the first space-worthy orbiter; it made its inaugural flight in 1981. Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis followed in 1983, 1984, and 1985 respectively. In 1986, Challenger was destroyed in a disaster shortly after its 10th launch, killing all seven crew members. Endeavour was built as Challenger's successor, and was first launched in 1992. In 2003, Columbia was destroyed during re-entry, leaving just three remaining orbiters. Discovery completed its final flight on March 9, 2011, and Endeavour completed its final flight on June 1, 2011. Atlantis completed the final Shuttle flight, STS-135, on July 21, 2011.

In addition to their crews and payloads, the reusable orbiter carried most of the Space Shuttle System's liquid-propellant rocket system, but both the liquid hydrogen fuel and the liquid oxygen oxidizer for its three main rocket engines were fed from an external cryogenic propellant tank. Additionally, two reusable solid rocket boosters (SRBs) provided additional thrust for approximately the first two minutes of launch. The orbiters themselves did carry hypergolic propellants for their Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters and Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines.