Sri Lankan civil war

Sri Lankan civil war
இலங்கை உள்நாட்டுப் போர்
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සිවිල් යුද්ධය
Part of the Cold War, spillover into the 1987–1989 JVP insurrection

  The area of Sri Lanka claimed by the LTTE as Tamil Eelam, where almost all of the fighting took place
Date23 July 1983 – 19 May 2009[23][24]
(25 years, 9 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
Location
Sri Lanka
Result

Sri Lankan government victory

Territorial
changes		 Government regains total control of former LTTE-controlled areas in the North and East of the country and Tamil Eelam gets reincorporated into Sri Lanka.
Belligerents
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
India India (1987–1990)
Military Support
Arms Supply
Intel and Arms supply

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
PLOTE (1983–1989)[14]
EROS (1983–1990)[15]

Training
Arms supply
Commanders and leaders
Sri Lanka J. R. Jayewardene (1983–1989)
Sri Lanka Ranasinghe Premadasa  X (1989–1993)
Sri Lanka D. B. Wijetunga (1993–1994)
Sri Lanka Chandrika Kumaratunga (1994–2005)
Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa (2005–2009)
India R. Venkataraman (1987–1989)
India Rajiv Gandhi  X (1987–1989)
India V. P. Singh (1989–1990)		 V. Prabhakaran † (1983–2009)
Uma Maheswaran  X (1983–1989)
Eliyathamby Ratnasabapathy † (1982–2006)
Units involved

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Armed Forces

India Indian Armed Forces (1987–1990)

Pakistan Pakistan Armed Forces (2006-2009)

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(Details)
Strength

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Armed Forces:
95,000 (2001)
118,000 (2002)
158,000 (2003)
151,000 (2004)
111,000 (2005)
150,900 (2006)[25]
210,000 (2008)[citation needed]

India Indian Peace Keeping Force:
100,000 (peak)		 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
(excluding Auxiliary forces):
6,000 (2001)
7,000 (2003)
18,000 (2004)[25][26]
11,000 (2005)[27]
8,000 (2006)
15,000 (2007)[25][28]
(including Auxiliary forces):
25,000 (2006)
30,000 (2008)[29]
Casualties and losses
  • 27,000 killed[37][38][39][40]
    11,644 prisoner of war[41]
  • 100,000+ Tamil civilians killed[42]

    • Estimates of death toll:

    • 1954–2001: 78,363 Tamil civilians killed: 53,132 killed + 25,231 disappeared forever (TCHR, 2004) [43]
    • 2002–2008 Dec: 4,867 Tamil civilians killed: 3,545 killed + 1,322 disappeared forever (NESHOR)[44]
    • 1983–2009: At least 100,000 killed[45][46][47]
    • 1983–2009: 80,000–100,000 killed (UN, 2009)[48][49]
    • 1983–2006: 70,000 killed[50][51]
    • 2008–2009: 40,000 Tamil civilians killed (UN, 2011)[52][53][54][55]
    • 2008–2009: 146,000 Tamil civilians unaccounted[56][57][55][58]
    • 2009 Jan–May: 169,796 Tamil civilians killed (ITJP, 2021) [59]
    • 2008–2009: 70,000 Tamil civilians unaccounted (UN, 2012)[60][61][62]
    • Throughout war: 3,700–4,100 civilians of all ethnicities killed by LTTE in attacks.[63]
    • 800,000 displaced at peak in 2001[64]
    16 May 2009: Sri Lankan Government declared a military defeat of LTTE.[65]
    17 May 2009: LTTE admit defeat by Sri Lankan Government.[66]
    19 May 2009: President Mahinda Rajapaksa officially declares end of civil war in parliament.

    The Sri Lankan civil war (Tamil: இலங்கை உள்நாட்டுப் போர், romanized: Ilaṅkai uḷnāṭṭup pōr; Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ සිවිල් යුද්ධය, romanized: śrī laṁkāvē sivil yuddhaya) was a civil war fought in Sri Lanka from 1983 to 2009. Beginning on 23 July 1983, it was an intermittent insurgency against the government by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, also known as the Tamil Tigers) led by Velupillai Prabhakaran. The LTTE fought to create an independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam in the north-east of the island, due to the continuous discrimination and violent persecution against Sri Lankan Tamils by the Sinhalese-dominated Sri Lanka government.[67][68][69]

    Violent persecution erupted in the form of the 1956, 1958, 1977, 1981 and 1983 anti-Tamil pogroms, as well as the 1981 burning of the Jaffna Public Library. These were carried out by the majority Sinhalese mobs often with state support, in the years following Sri Lanka's independence from the British Empire in 1948.[70] Shortly after gaining independence, Sinhalese was recognized as the sole official language of the nation.[71] After a 26-year military campaign, the Sri Lankan military defeated the Tamil Tigers in May 2009, bringing the civil war to an end.[24]

    Up to 70,000 had been killed by 2007.[72][73][74] Immediately following the end of war, on 20 May 2009, the UN estimated a total of 80,000–100,000 deaths.[75][48][76] However, in 2011, referring to the final phase of the war in 2009, the Report of the Secretary-General's Panel of Experts on Accountability in Sri Lanka stated, "A number of credible sources have estimated that there could have been as many as 40,000 civilian deaths."[77] The Sri Lankan government has repeatedly refused an independent, international investigation to ascertain the full impact of the war,[78][79] with some reports claiming that government forces were raping and torturing Tamils involved in collating deaths and disappearances.[80][81]

    Since the end of the civil war, the Sri Lankan state has been subject to much global criticism for violating human rights as a result of committing war crimes through bombing civilian targets, usage of heavy weaponry, the abduction and massacres of Sri Lankan Tamils and sexual violence.[82][83][84] The LTTE gained notoriety for carrying out numerous attacks against civilians of all ethnicities, particularly those of Sinhalese and Sri Lankan Muslim ethnicity, using child soldiers, assassinations of politicians and dissenters, and the use of suicide bombings against military, political and civilian targets.[85]

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