 | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. (June 2023) |
| Stadsfries | |
|---|---|
| Town Frisian, City Frisian, city-Frisian | |
| Native to | Netherlands |
Native speakers | 45,000 (2009[1]) |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | town1239 |
 Areas in which Stadsfries is spoken, within the area of Friesland | |
| This article is a part of a series on |
| Dutch |
|---|
| Low Saxon dialects |
| West Low Franconian dialects |
| East Low Franconian dialects |
Stadsfries or Town Frisian (Dutch: Stadsfries, Stadfries; West Frisian: Stedsk, Stedfrysk) is a set of dialects spoken in certain cities in the province of Friesland in the northern Netherlands, namely Leeuwarden, Sneek, Bolsward, Franeker, Dokkum, Harlingen, Stavoren, and to some extent in Heerenveen. For linguistic reasons, the outlying and insular dialects of Midsland (Terschelling), Ameland, Het Bildt, and Kollum are also sometimes tied to Stadsfries.
The vocabulary of Stadsfries is derived primarily from Dutch. The dialects began in the late 15th century, when Frisia lost its political independence to the Netherlands. For many living in Frisia, learning Dutch became a necessity. The result was a mixture of Hollandic dialect vocabulary and West Frisian grammar and other language principles. Since this process began, the West Frisian language itself has evolved, such that Stadsfries is further away from modern Frisian than it is from Old Frisian. Norval Smith states that Stadsfries is a Frisian–Dutch mixed language.[4]
The name of the dialect group, Stadsfries, is not an endonym but is instead a Dutch term for the language. Stad (German: Stadt) is a Germanic term for "city" or "town", seen in English place names such as "Hempstead". In Stadsfries, the term for the dialect group is Stadsfrys or Stads, or each dialect is known simply by a name derived from the particular city name, such as Liwwarders for the dialect of Leeuwarden. In West Frisian, the dialects are known as stedsk ("city-ish"), which does not indicate the idea that Stadsfries is a form of Frisian.
- ^ De Bosatlas van Fryslân. Leeuwarden: Noordhoff Atlas Productions. 2009. ISBN 978-9 00 17 79 047.
- ^ Reitze J. Jonkman, Characterising a minority language: a social psychological comparison between Dutch, Frisian and the Ljouwert vernacular, in: Durk Gorter, Jarich F. Hoekstra, Lammert G. Jansma, Jehannes Ytsma (eds.), Fourth International Conference on Minority Languages: Volume II: Western and Eastern European Papers, series: Multilingual Matters 71, 1990, p. 11ff., here p. 13
- ^ Durk Gorter, Extent and Position of West Frisian, in: Handbuch des Friesischen / Handbook of Frisian Studies, edited by Horst Haider Munske in collaboration with Nils Århammer, Volkert F. Faltings, Jarich F. Hoekstra, Oebele Vries, Alastair G.H. Walker, Ommo Wilts, Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 2001, p. 73ff., here p. 75
- ^ Smith, Norval (1995). "An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages". In Arends, Jacques; Muysken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (eds.). Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. John Benjamins. pp. 331–374. ISBN 978-90-272-5236-4. p. 373.