Synagogue of Satan

In the letters to the early Christian churches of Smyrna and Philadelphia in Revelation 2:9 and 3:9, Jesus makes reference to a synagogue of Satan (Greek: συναγωγή τοῦ Σατανᾶ, synagoge tou satana), in each case referring to a group persecuting the church "who say they are Jews and are not".

The verse has often been used to justify hatred against all Jews or particular subsets of modern Jews,^[1]^[2] which academic scholars generally view as ignorant of the biblical context based on the fact that the suspected author of Revelation was likely Jewish.^[3]^: 89

^ Kaplan, Jeffrey (1997). Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah. Syracuse University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-8156-0396-7. Retrieved July 18, 2021.
^ Barkun, Michael (1997). Religion and the Racist Right: the Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 149–150, 191, 206. ISBN 0-8078-2328-7. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
^ Resseguie, James L. (2009). The Revelation of John: A Narrative Commentary. Baker Academic. ISBN 9781441210005. Retrieved July 18, 2021.

[Kaplan2-1] Kaplan, Jeffrey (1997). Radical Religion in America: Millenarian Movements from the Far Right to the Children of Noah. Syracuse University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-8156-0396-7. Retrieved July 18, 2021.

[Barkun-2] Barkun, Michael (1997). Religion and the Racist Right: the Origins of the Christian Identity Movement. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 149–150, 191, 206. ISBN 0-8078-2328-7. Retrieved February 16, 2021.

[3] Resseguie, James L. (2009). The Revelation of John: A Narrative Commentary. Baker Academic. ISBN 9781441210005. Retrieved July 18, 2021.

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