Syncytin-1

ERVW-1
Identifiers
AliasesERVW-1, ENV, ENVW, ERVWE1, HERV-7q, HERV-W-ENV, HERV7Q, HERVW, HERVWENV, endogenous retrovirus group W member 1, endogenous retrovirus group W member 1, envelope
External IDsOMIM: 604659; HomoloGene: 137309; GeneCards: ERVW-1; OMA:ERVW-1 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

30816

n/a

Ensembl

ENSG00000242950

n/a

UniProt

Q9UQF0

n/a

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_014590
NM_001130925

n/a

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001124397
NP_055405

n/a

Location (UCSC)Chr 7: 92.47 – 92.48 Mbn/a
PubMed search[2]n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Syncytin-1 also known as enverin is a protein found in humans and other primates that is encoded by the ERVW-1 gene (endogenous retrovirus group W envelope member 1). Syncytin-1 is a cell-cell fusion protein whose function is best characterized in placental development.[3][4] The placenta in turn aids in embryo attachment to the uterus and establishment of a nutrient supply.

The gene encoding this protein is an endogenous retroviral element that is the remnant of an ancient retroviral infection integrated into the primate germ line. In the case of syncytin-1 (which is found in humans, apes, and Old World but not New World monkeys), this integration likely occurred more than 25 million years ago.[5] Syncytin-1 is one of two known syncytin proteins expressed in catarrhini primates (the other being syncytin-2) and one of many viral genomes incorporated on multiple occasions over evolutionary time in diverse mammalian species.[6]

ERVW-1 is located within ERVWE1,[7][8] a full length provirus on chromosome 7 at locus 7q21.2 flanked by long terminal repeats (LTRs) and is preceded by ERVW1 gag (Group AntiGen) and pol (POLymerase) within the provirus, both of which contain nonsense mutations rendering them non-coding.[9][10]

Syncytin-1 is also implicated in a number of neurological pathologies, most notably, multiple sclerosis, as an immunogen.

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000242950 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. ^ Dupressoir A, Lavialle C, Heidmann T (September 2012). "From ancestral infectious retroviruses to bona fide cellular genes: role of the captured syncytins in placentation". Placenta. 33 (9): 663–71. doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2012.05.005. PMID 22695103.
  4. ^ Soygur B, Sati L (2016). "The role of syncytins in human reproduction and reproductive organ cancers". Reproduction. 152 (5): R167–78. doi:10.1530/REP-16-0031. PMID 27486264.
  5. ^ Voisset C, Blancher A, Perron H, Mandrand B, Mallet F, Paranhos-Baccalà G (November 1999). "Phylogeny of a novel family of human endogenous retrovirus sequences, HERV-W, in humans and other primates". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 15 (17): 1529–33. doi:10.1089/088922299309810. PMID 10580403.
  6. ^ Lavialle C, Cornelis G, Dupressoir A, Esnault C, Heidmann O, Vernochet C, Heidmann T (September 2013). "Paleovirology of 'syncytins', retroviral env genes exapted for a role in placentation". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 368 (1626): 20120507. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0507. PMC 3758191. PMID 23938756.
  7. ^ Mallet F, Bouton O, Prudhomme S, Cheynet V, Oriol G, Bonnaud B, Lucotte G, Duret L, Mandrand B (2004). "The endogenous retroviral locus ERVWE1 is a bona fide gene involved in hominoid placental physiology". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (6): 1731–6. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.1731M. doi:10.1073/pnas.0305763101. PMC 341840. PMID 14757826.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference Cheynet_2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ "ERVW-1 endogenous retrovirus group W member 1 [Homo sapiens (human)]". Gene - NCBI. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
  10. ^ Voisset C, Bouton O, Bedin F, Duret L, Mandrand B, Mallet F, Paranhos-Baccala G (May 2000). "Chromosomal distribution and coding capacity of the human endogenous retrovirus HERV-W family". AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 16 (8): 731–40. doi:10.1089/088922200308738. PMID 10826480.