Theory of the Earth

Theory of the Earth
The issue of the cover of Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh that the "Theory of the Earth" was first published
AuthorJames Hutton
LanguageEnglish
SeriesTransactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. 1
PublisherRoyal Society of Edinburgh
Publication date
1788
Publication placeScotland

Theory of the Earth was a publication by James Hutton which laid the foundations for geology.[1][2] In it he showed that the Earth is the product of natural forces. What could be seen happening today, over long periods of time, could produce what we see in the rocks. It also hypothesized that the age of the Earth was much older than what biblical literalists claim.[3] This idea, uniformitarianism, was used by Charles Lyell in his work, and Lyell's textbook was an important influence on Charles Darwin. The work was first published in 1788[4] by the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and later in 1795 as two book volumes.[5][6]

Hutton recognized that rocks record the evidence of the past action of processes which still operate today. He also anticipated natural selection, as follows: "Those which depart most from the best adapted constitution, will be the most liable to perish, while, on the other hand, those organised bodies, which most approach to the best constitution for the present circumstances, will be best adapted to continue, in preserving themselves and multiplying the individuals of their race".[7]

  1. ^ Scientific American (1892). "Theory of The Earth". Scientific American. 34 (872supp): 13938–13939. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican09171892-13938supp. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  2. ^ Mather, Kirtley & Mason, Shirley L. (eds) [1939] 1967. A source book in Geology, 1400–1900. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 92–100. ISBN 0-674-82277-3.
  3. ^ Gribbin, John. The Scientists: A History of Science Told Through the Lives of Its Greatest Inventors. New York, Random House, 2002. p. 315.
  4. ^ Hutton, James (1788). "Theory of the Earth; or an Investigation of the Laws observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land upon the Globe". Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 1 (Part 2). Royal Society of Edinburgh: 209–304. doi:10.1017/S0080456800029227. S2CID 251578886.
  5. ^ Hutton, James (1795). Theory of the Earth. Vol. 1. Edinburgh.
  6. ^ Hutton, James (1795). Theory of the Earth. Vol. 2. Edinburgh.
  7. ^ Pearson, Paul N (2003). "In retrospect". Nature. 425 (6959): 665. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..665P. doi:10.1038/425665a. S2CID 161935273.