Thymosin beta-4

TMSB4X
Available structures
PDB	Human UniProt search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	4PL7, 4PL8
Identifiers
Aliases	TMSB4X, FX, PTMB4, TB4X, TMSB4, thymosin beta 4, X-linked, thymosin beta 4 X-linked
External IDs	OMIM: 300159; GeneCards: TMSB4X; OMA:TMSB4X - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	X chromosome (human)
End	12,977,227 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	monocyte; ; stromal cell of endometrium; ; ganglionic eminence; ; lymph node; ; granulocyte; ; gallbladder; ; ventricular zone; ; appendix; ; right lung; ; upper lobe of left lung;
	n/a
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	actin binding; protein binding; RNA binding; actin monomer binding; enzyme binding;
Cellular component	cytoskeleton; platelet alpha granule lumen; intracellular anatomical structure; nucleus; cytoplasm; cytosol; extracellular region;
Biological process	platelet degranulation; actin filament organization; cytoplasmic sequestering of NF-kappaB; negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity; tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway; sequestering of actin monomers; positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration; regulation of inflammatory response; regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling; negative regulation of NIK/NF-kappaB signaling; negative regulation of RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding; positive regulation of proton-transporting ATP synthase activity, rotational mechanism; positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxis; positive regulation of ATP biosynthetic process; osteoblast differentiation; regulation of cell migration;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	7114
	n/a
	ENSG00000205542
	n/a
	P62328
	n/a
	NM_021109
	n/a
	NP_066932
	n/a
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human

Thymosin beta-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMSB4X gene.^[3]^[4]^[5] Recommended INN (International Nonproprietary Name) for thymosin beta-4 is 'timbetasin', as published by the World Health Organization (WHO).^[6]

The protein consists (in humans) of 43 amino acids (sequence: SDKPDMAEI EKFDKSKLKK TETQEKNPLP SKETIEQEKQ AGES) and has a molecular weight of 4921 g/mol.^[7]

Thymosin-β₄ is a major cellular constituent in many tissues. Its intracellular concentration may reach as high as 0.5 mM.^[8] Following Thymosin α1, β₄ was the second of the biologically active peptides from Thymosin Fraction 5 to be completely sequenced and synthesized.^[9]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000205542 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Gómez-Márquez J, Dosil M, Segade F, Bustelo XR, Pichel JG, Dominguez F, Freire M (Oct 1989). "Thymosin-beta 4 gene. Preliminary characterization and expression in tissues, thymic cells, and lymphocytes". Journal of Immunology. 143 (8): 2740–4. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.143.8.2740. PMID 2677145.
^ Lahn BT, Page DC (Oct 1997). "Functional coherence of the human Y chromosome". Science. 278 (5338): 675–80. Bibcode:1997Sci...278..675L. doi:10.1126/science.278.5338.675. PMID 9381176.
^ "Entrez Gene: TMSB4X thymosin, beta 4, X-linked".
^ "Lists of Recommended and Proposed INNs: List 80". 2018. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008.
^ "protein NP_066932". NCBI.
^ Hannappel E (September 2007). "beta-Thymosins". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1112 (1): 21–37. Bibcode:2007NYASA1112...21H. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.018. PMID 17468232. S2CID 222082792.
^ Low TL, Hu SK, Goldstein AL (February 1981). "Complete amino acid sequence of bovine thymosin beta 4: a thymic hormone that induces terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in thymocyte populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (2): 1162–6. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.1162L. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.2.1162. PMC 319967. PMID 6940133.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000205542 – Ensembl, May 2017

[2] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid2677145-3] Gómez-Márquez J, Dosil M, Segade F, Bustelo XR, Pichel JG, Dominguez F, Freire M (Oct 1989). "Thymosin-beta 4 gene. Preliminary characterization and expression in tissues, thymic cells, and lymphocytes". Journal of Immunology. 143 (8): 2740–4. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.143.8.2740. PMID 2677145.

[pmid9381176-4] Lahn BT, Page DC (Oct 1997). "Functional coherence of the human Y chromosome". Science. 278 (5338): 675–80. Bibcode:1997Sci...278..675L. doi:10.1126/science.278.5338.675. PMID 9381176.

[entrez-5] "Entrez Gene: TMSB4X thymosin, beta 4, X-linked".

[6] "Lists of Recommended and Proposed INNs: List 80". 2018. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008.

[7] "protein NP_066932". NCBI.

[pmid17468232-8] Hannappel E (September 2007). "beta-Thymosins". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1112 (1): 21–37. Bibcode:2007NYASA1112...21H. doi:10.1196/annals.1415.018. PMID 17468232. S2CID 222082792.

[Low_TL,_Hu_SK,_Goldstein_AL_1981_1162–6-9] Low TL, Hu SK, Goldstein AL (February 1981). "Complete amino acid sequence of bovine thymosin beta 4: a thymic hormone that induces terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in thymocyte populations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 78 (2): 1162–6. Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.1162L. doi:10.1073/pnas.78.2.1162. PMC 319967. PMID 6940133.

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