Tin

This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see Tin (disambiguation).
"Stannum" redirects here. For other uses, see Stannum (disambiguation).
For the chemical compound with formula TiN, see Titanium nitride.

Tin, 50Sn
Tin
Allotropessilvery-white, β (beta); gray, α (alpha)
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Sn)
Tin in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Ge
↑
Sn
↓
Pb
indium ← tin → antimony
Atomic number (Z)50
Groupgroup 14 (carbon group)
Periodperiod 5
Block  p-block
Electron configuration[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 18, 4
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point505.08 K ​(231.93 °C, ​449.47 °F)
Boiling point2875 K ​(2602 °C, ​4716 °F)
Density (at 20° C)white (β): 7.289 g/cm3
gray (α): 5.770 g/cm3[3]
when liquid (at m.p.)6.99 g/cm3
Heat of fusionwhite (β): 7.03 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporizationwhite (β): 296.1 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacitywhite (β): 27.112 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1497 1657 1855 2107 2438 2893
Atomic properties
Oxidation statescommon: −4, +2, +4
−3,? −2,? −1,? 0,[4] +1,[5] +3[6]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.96
Ionization energies
  • 1st: 708.6 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1411.8 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2943.0 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 140 pm
Covalent radius139±4 pm
Van der Waals radius217 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of tin
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structurewhite (β): ​body-centered tetragonal (tI4)
Lattice constants
Body-centered tetragonal crystal structure for white (β): tin
white (β):
a = 583.13 pm
c = 318.11 pm
(at 20 °C)[3]
Crystal structuregray (α): ​face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8)
Lattice constant
Diamond cubic crystal structure for gray (α): tin
gray (α):
a = 648.96 pm (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal expansionwhite (β): 21.76×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[a]
gray (α): 5.20×10−6/K (at 20 °C)[3]
Thermal conductivity66.8 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity115 nΩ⋅m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic orderingwhite (β): paramagnetic
gray (α): diamagnetic[7]
Molar magnetic susceptibilitywhite (β): +3.1×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[8]
Young's modulus50 GPa
Shear modulus18 GPa
Bulk modulus58 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod2730 m/s (at r.t.) (rolled)
Poisson ratio0.36
Mohs hardness1.5
Brinell hardness50–440 MPa
CAS Number7440-31-5
History
Discoveryprotohistoric, around 35th century BC
Symbol"Sn": from Latin stannum
Isotopes of tin
Main isotopes[9] Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
112Sn 0.970% stable
114Sn 0.66% stable
115Sn 0.34% stable
116Sn 14.5% stable
117Sn 7.68% stable
118Sn 24.2% stable
119Sn 8.59% stable
120Sn 32.6% stable
122Sn 4.63% stable
124Sn 5.79% stable
126Sn trace 2.3×105 y β− 126Sb
 Category: Tin
| references

Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn (from Latin stannum) and atomic number 50. A silvery-colored metal, tin is soft enough to be cut with little force,[10] and a bar of tin can be bent by hand with little effort. When bent, the so-called "tin cry" can be heard as a result of twinning in tin crystals.[11]

Tin is a post-transition metal in group 14 of the periodic table of elements. It is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite, which contains stannic oxide, SnO
2. Tin shows a chemical similarity to both of its neighbors in group 14, germanium and lead, and has two main oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element on Earth, making up 0.00022% of its crust, and with 10 stable isotopes, it has the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, due to its magic number of protons.

It has two main allotropes: at room temperature, the stable allotrope is β-tin, a silvery-white, malleable metal; at low temperatures it is less dense grey α-tin, which has the diamond cubic structure. Metallic tin does not easily oxidize in air and water.

The first tin alloy used on a large scale was bronze, made of 1⁄8 tin and 7⁄8 copper (12.5% and 87.5% respectively), from as early as 3000 BC. After 600 BC, pure metallic tin was produced. Pewter, which is an alloy of 85–90% tin with the remainder commonly consisting of copper, antimony, bismuth, and sometimes lead and silver, has been used for flatware since the Bronze Age. In modern times, tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin-lead soft solders, which are typically 60% or more tin, and in the manufacture of transparent, electrically conducting films of indium tin oxide in optoelectronic applications. Another large application is corrosion-resistant tin plating of steel. Because of the low toxicity of inorganic tin, tin-plated steel is widely used for food packaging as "tin cans". Some organotin compounds can be extremely toxic.

  1. ^ "Standard Atomic Weights: Tin". CIAAW. 1983.
  2. ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
  3. ^ a b c d e Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
  4. ^ "New Type of Zero-Valent Tin Compound". Chemistry Europe. 27 August 2016.
  5. ^ "HSn". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  6. ^ "SnH3". NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institure of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
  7. ^ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
  8. ^ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
  9. ^ Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
  10. ^ Gray, Theodore (2007). "Tin Images". The Elements. Black Dog & Leventhal.
  11. ^ Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (1985). "Tin". Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 793–800. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3.


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