Toalean culture

Toalean Culture
Distribution of Toalean sites in southern Sulawesi
Geographical rangeSouthern Sulawesi, Indonesia
PeriodMid Holocene, Mesolithic Indonesia
Datesc. 7000 BCE – c. 500 CE[1]
Major sitesLeang Panninge (4°46′28″S 119°56′23″E / 4.77444°S 119.93972°E / -4.77444; 119.93972), Leang Bulu’ Sipong
Followed byAustronesian migrants

The Toalean (or Toalian or Toala in Indonesian)[2] people were hunter-gatherers who inhabited the Indonesian island of Sulawesi during the Mid- to Late-Holocene period[3] prior to the spread of Austronesian Neolithic farmers some 3,500 years ago from mainland Asia.[4]

The term 'Toalean' was assigned by the earliest excavators from the local Bugis word 'Toale' meaning "forest people". The term is misleading as later research has found the Toalean culture to be unrelated to the later forest-dwelling people of southern Sulawesi.[5] The Toalean culture is recognised by the presence of refined bone points, backed microliths, large amounts of shell (especially the freshwater gastropod Tylomelania perfecta), small denticulate stone 'Maros points', and an absence of the ground stone technologies that characterise later local cultures.[6] Toalean artefacts are often associated with skeletal remains of Sulawesi warty pigs.[7][8] Few examples of Toalean art have been found, and these are limited to portable examples including an engraved bone point from Ulu Leang 1 and a painted shell at Leang Rakkoe.[9] No Toalean cave art has been identified.[10]

  1. ^ Langley, Michelle (2023). "Shark-tooth artefacts from middle Holocene Sulawesi". Antiquity. 97 (396). Cambridge University Press: 1420–1435. doi:10.15184/aqy.2023.144. hdl:10072/427255. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference :4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Heekeren, H. R. van (1972). The stone age of Indonesia. The Hague, Nijhoff.
  4. ^ Hasanuddin, AKW, Syaiful, Yondri (2020). "INTERACTION BETWEEN THE TOALEAN AND AUSTRONESIAN CULTURES IN THE MALLAWA AREA, MAROS DISTRICT, SOUTH SULAWESI, volume 44, p329-349". Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology. 44: 329–349. Retrieved 1 October 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ DAVID BULBECK, MONIQUE PASQUA and ADRIAN DI LELLO (2000). "Culture History of the Toalean of South Sulawesi, Indonesia". Asian Perspectives. 39 (1/2): 71–108. doi:10.1353/asi.2000.0004. hdl:10125/17135. JSTOR 42928470. S2CID 59334219 – via JSTOR.
  6. ^ Perston, Y. L., Sumantri, I., Hakim, . B., Oktaviana, A. A., & Brumm, A. (2020). "Excavation Report for Leang Rakkoe: A New Toalean Site with Engraved Art in the Bomboro Valley, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi". WALENNAE: Jurnal Arkeologi Sulawesi Selatan Dan Tenggara. 18 (1): 51–64. doi:10.24832/wln.v18i1.427. S2CID 221709383.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Simons, Allison; Bulbeck, David (2021-06-14), "Late Quaternary faunal successions in South Sulawesi, Indonesia", Quaternary Research in Indonesia, London: CRC Press, pp. 167–189, doi:10.1201/9780367810627-10, ISBN 9780367810627, S2CID 131221758, retrieved 2021-10-02
  8. ^ Saiful, A Muh; Anggraeni, Anggraeni (2019-11-29). "Eksploitasi Suidae Pada Kala Holosen di Liang Pannininge, Maros, Sulawesi Selatan". PURBAWIDYA: Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengembangan Arkeologi. 8 (2): 81–100. doi:10.24164/pw.v8i2.306. ISSN 2528-3618. S2CID 213505212.
  9. ^ Perston, Yinika Lotus; Sumantri, Iwan; Hakim, Budianto; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Brumm, Adam (2020-06-22). "Excavation Report for Leang Rakkoe: A New Toalean Site with Engraved Art in the Bomboro Valley, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi". Jurnal Walennae. 18 (1): 51–64. doi:10.24832/wln.v18i1.427. ISSN 2580-121X. S2CID 221709383.
  10. ^ Perston YL, Moore M, Suryatman, Langley M, Hakim B, Oktaviana AA (2021). "A standardised classification scheme for the Mid-Holocene Toalean artefacts of South Sulawesi, Indonesia". PLOS ONE. 16 (5): e0251138. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1651138P. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251138. PMC 8153489. PMID 34038416.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)