Toll-like receptor

Toll-like receptor
The curved leucine-rich repeat region of toll-like receptors, represented here by TLR3
Identifiers
SymbolToll-like receptor
Membranome7
PIRSF037595

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that play a key role in the innate immune system. They are single-spanning receptors usually expressed on sentinel cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells, that recognize structurally conserved molecules derived from microbes. Once these microbes have reached physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs, which activate immune cell responses. The TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10, TLR11, TLR12, and TLR13. Humans lack genes for TLR11, TLR12 and TLR13[1] and mice lack a functional gene for TLR10.[2] The receptors TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 are located on the cell membrane, whereas TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 are located in intracellular vesicles (because they are sensors of nucleic acids).[3]

TLRs received their name from their similarity to the protein coded by the toll gene.[4]

  1. ^ Mahla RS, Reddy MC, Prasad DV, Kumar H (September 2013). "Sweeten PAMPs: Role of Sugar Complexed PAMPs in Innate Immunity and Vaccine Biology". Frontiers in Immunology. 4: 248. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00248. PMC 3759294. PMID 24032031.
  2. ^ Fore, Faith; Indriputri, Cut; Mamutse, Janet; Nugraha, Jusak (2020). "TLR10 and Its Unique Anti-Inflammatory Properties and Potential Use as a Target in Therapeutics". Immune Network. 20 (3): e21. doi:10.4110/in.2020.20.e21. ISSN 1598-2629. PMC 7327153. PMID 32655969.
  3. ^ Kemball CC, Alirezaei M, Whitton JL (2010). "Type B coxsackieviruses and their interactions with the innate and adaptive immune systems". Future Microbiology. 5 (9): 1329–47. doi:10.2217/fmb.10.101. PMC 3045535. PMID 20860480.
  4. ^ Hansson GK, Edfeldt K (June 2005). "Toll to be paid at the gateway to the vessel wall". Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 25 (6): 1085–7. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000168894.43759.47. PMID 15923538.