Torana

For the Australian car, see Holden Torana. For decorative door hanging, see Toran (art).

Multiple kinds of Torana

A torana (Sanskrit: तोरण; [tawr-uh-nuh]) is a free-standing ornamental or arched gateway for ceremonial purposes in Hindu, Buddhist and Jain architecture of the Indian subcontinent.[1] Toranas can also be widely seen in Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia.[2] Chinese Shanmen gateways, Japanese torii gateways,[3][4][5] Korean Iljumun and Hongsalmun gateways, Vietnamese Tam quan gateways, and Thai Sao Ching Cha[6] were derived from the Indian torana. They are also referred to as vandanamalikas.[1]

  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference tor10 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Hardy, Adam (2003). "Toraṇa | Grove Art". doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T085631. ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference tor4 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference tor5 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Cite error: The named reference tor6 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference scheid was invoked but never defined (see the help page).