Total Westernization

Total Westernization (Chinese: 全盘西化; pinyin: quánpán xīhuà) is a trend of intellectuals in Greater China, first proposed in 1915.^[1] Chen Xujing, Hu Shih, and others believed that the invasion of the late Qing Dynasty by Western great power was due to the backwardness of Chinese monarchical culture. Therefore, they advocate learning from Western ways of thinking and behavior, and completely abandoning China's authoritarian culture. Later, Hu Shih changed the concept of total westernization to "full globalization".^[2] Hu Qiuyuan believed that the failure of the war was the result of the wrong policies of the Ming and Qing governments and that the appeasement mentality of the traditionalists, the inferiority mentality of the Westernizers, and the dependence mentality of the Russians could all led to the downfall of the country. They should go beyond the three Open Door Policy, maintain an independent perspective, and find the ability of the Chinese nation to create culture. Ju Haoran believed that total Westernization should focus on the technical aspects based on modern Western science, emphasizing "total scientification" and industrialization.^[3]