Transition from Ming to Qing

Ming-Qing transition

Battle of Shanhai Pass, one of the major battles during the Ming–Qing transition
Date7 May 1618 – 13 August 1683
Location
Modern-day China, Korea, Mongolia, and parts of Russia, Central Asia and Southeast Asia
Result Qing victory
Territorial
changes
Belligerents
Qing dynasty
Aisin-Gioro clan
Manchus
Ming defectors
Southern and Eastern Mongols
Joseon (Korea; after 1636)
Dutch East India Company
Ming dynasty (1618–1644)
Southern Ming dynasty (1644–1662):
Combat support:
Joseon (Korea; until 1636)
Yehe Jurchens
Tiandihui
Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683)
Northern Yuan dynasty (1618–1635)
Chagatai Yarkent Khanate (1646–1650)
Kumul Khanate
Turpan Khanate
Armament support:
Tokugawa Shogunate (Japan)
Portugal Kingdom of Portugal
English East India Company[1]

Shun dynasty (Li Zicheng)


Xi dynasty (Zhang Xianzhong)


Kingdom of Shu (She-An Rebellion)


Evenk-Daur federation


Nanai Hurka
Commanders and leaders

Supported by:


Zhu Hengjia, Prince of Jingjiang Executed


Zhu Yuyue, Prince of Tang (Shaowu Emperor) Executed


  • She Chongming
  • An Bangyan

Bombogor[2] Executed


Sosoku[3]
Strength

Manchu, Mongol, Han Bannermen


Han Green Standard Army defectors (after 1644)


By 1648, Han Bannermen made up 75% of the Eight Banners while Manchus at only 16%.
Han Chinese soldiers, Hui Muslim soldiers, and Mongol cavalry

Shun dynasty army varies between 60,000 and 100,000 men


Zhang Xianzhong's army – 100,000 men


300,000 Yi fighters


Nanai Hurka: 6,000
Casualties and losses
25,000,000 deaths overall, including civilians

The transition from Ming to Qing (or simply the Ming-Qing transition[4]) or the Manchu conquest of China from 1618 to 1683 saw the transition between two major dynasties in Chinese history. It was a decades-long conflict between the emerging Qing dynasty, the incumbent Ming dynasty, and several smaller factions (like the Shun dynasty and Xi dynasty). It ended with the consolidation of Qing rule, and the fall of the Ming and several other factions.

  1. ^ "The British-Zheng trading agreement". nmth.gov.tw. National Museum of Taiwan History. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  2. ^ Crossley 2000, p. 196.
  3. ^ Forsyth 1994, p. 214
  4. ^ Kenneth Swope (2018). On the Trail of the Yellow Tiger: War, Trauma, and Social Dislocation in Southwest China During the Ming-Qing Transition. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9781496206244.