Transport divide (also known as transport exclusion, transport disadvantage, transport deprivation, transportation divide, and mobility divide) refers to unequal access to transportation.[1][2][3][4][5][6] It can result in the social exclusion of disadvantaged groups.[5][7]
The concept covers issues ranging from unequal access to public transportation[1][3][5] to the unequal opportunities in global migration due to different visa policies as part of the global North–South divide.[4]
There are a number of aspects of the transport divide. People may have difficulty in using transport system because of physical barriers, such as a lack of accessibility for the disabled (lack of wheelchair access also impacts people with baby strollers or bicycles). Insufficient labeling can also cause problems for people who do not speak the local language. Financial barriers in the form of cost of services can prevent the poor from using the transport services. Distance barriers (in the form of distance from people's homes) can make some areas mostly inaccessible to people without access to a car, particularly when local public transportation is not well developed. Time barriers include problems caused by rush hour, but also time constraints caused by the need to arrange for care for members of the family (most often childcare), which when coupled with poor transport infrastructure can be a factor in reducing women's participation in the workforce. There are also fear barriers such as fear of being groped, leading to the creation of women-only passenger cars. Attempts to fix the fear barriers through increased surveillance and policing have however been linked to the lowering of the usage of such services by other groups, such as youth.[8][5][7]
Scholars and urban planners have proposed solutions ranging from improving public transportation and increasing accessibility, subsidizing private transportation, and changing the ways in which cities are designed to improve mobility.[9]
- ^ a b Roger L. Kemp; Carl J. Stephani (17 February 2015). Urban Transportation Innovations Worldwide: A Handbook of Best Practices Outside the United States. McFarland. pp. 49–. ISBN 978-0-7864-7075-4.
- ^ Report of the Fifth Session of the World Urban Forum, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: The Right to the City : Bridging the Urban Divide, 22-26 March, 2010. UN-HABITAT. 2010. p. 62.
- ^ a b Amedee, George (2005). "Closing the Transportation Divide: Linking TANF and Transportation". Race, Gender & Class. 12 (3/4): 86–106. ISSN 1082-8354. JSTOR 41675264.
- ^ a b Mau, Steffen; Gülzau, Fabian; Laube, Lena; Zaun, Natascha (2015-07-03). "The Global Mobility Divide: How Visa Policies Have Evolved over Time" (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 41 (8): 1192–1213. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1005007. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 143214964.
- ^ a b c d Church, A; Frost, M; Sullivan, K (2000-07-01). "Transport and social exclusion in London". Transport Policy. 7 (3): 195–205. doi:10.1016/S0967-070X(00)00024-X. ISSN 0967-070X.
- ^ Power, Anne (2012-03-01). "Social inequality, disadvantaged neighbourhoods and transport deprivation: an assessment of the historical influence of housing policies". Journal of Transport Geography. Social Impacts and Equity Issues in Transport. 21: 39–48. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.016. ISSN 0966-6923.
- ^ a b Kamruzzaman, Md; Yigitcanlar, Tan; Yang, Jay; Mohamed, Mohd Afzan (July 2016). "Measures of Transport-Related Social Exclusion: A Critical Review of the Literature". Sustainability. 8 (7): 696. doi:10.3390/su8070696.
- ^ Julian Hine; Fiona Mitchell (2 March 2017). Transport Disadvantage and Social Exclusion: Exclusionary Mechanisms in Transport in Urban Scotland. Taylor & Francis. pp. 25–. ISBN 978-1-351-87775-6.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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