Treaty of Fes

Treaty of Fes
معاهدة فاس Traité de Fès

Treaty Concluded Between France and Morocco on 30 March 1912, for the Organization of the French Protectorate in the Sharifian Empire Traité conclu entre la France et le Maroc le 30 mars 1912, pour l'organisation du protectorat français dans l'Empire chérifien
The Treaty of Fes, with its French text here handwritten in cursive calligraphy, along with a certified Arabic translation written in a cursive mujawhar Maghrebi style.[1]
Signed	March 30, 1912 (1912-03-30)
Location	Fes
Signatories	Abd al-Hafid of Morocco Eugène Regnault [fr]

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The Treaty of Fes (Arabic: معاهدة فاس, French: Traité de Fès), officially the Treaty Concluded Between France and Morocco on 30 March 1912, for the Organization of the French Protectorate in the Sharifian Empire (French: Traité conclu entre la France et le Maroc le 30 mars 1912, pour l'organisation du protectorat français dans l'Empire chérifien),^[2] was a treaty signed by Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco under duress and French diplomat Eugène Regnault [fr] on 30 March 1912. It established the French protectorate in Morocco, and remained in effect until the Franco-Moroccan Joint Declaration of 2 March 1956.^[2][3]

The treaty gave France the right to occupy certain parts of the country with the pretext of protecting the Sultan from internal opposition, and to hold actual reins of power while preserving the mask of indirect rule consisted of the Sultan and the Sharifian government. Under the terms, the French Resident-General held absolute powers in external as well as internal affairs, and was the only one capable of representing Morocco in foreign countries. The Sultan however, retained the right to sign the decrees (dahirs), which were submitted by the Resident-Generals.^[4]

When news of the treaty finally leaked to the Moroccan populace, it was met with immediate and violent backlash in the Intifada of Fes.^[5]