Trialism in philosophy was introduced by John Cottingham as an alternative interpretation of the mind–body dualism of Descartes. Trialism keeps the two substances of mind and body, but introduces a third substance, sensation, belonging to the union of mind and body. This allows animals, which do not think like humans, to be regarded as having sensations and not as being mere automata. Kong Derick has also introduce the term Derician Trialism, in which he maintains the mind and body substances of Rene Descartes, and Substituted the sensation substance of John Cottingham with the substance he calls Submind.