Tumu Crisis

40°23′N 115°36′E / 40.383°N 115.600°E / 40.383; 115.600

Crisis of the Tumu Fortress
DateSeptember 1, 1449
Location
Result

Mongol victory

Belligerents
Northern Yuan, Oirat Mongols Ming dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Strength
20,000 500,000[1] (thought to be an inflated figure)[2]
Casualties and losses
2,000 400,000

The Crisis of the Tumu Fortress (simplified Chinese: 土木堡之变; traditional Chinese: 土木堡之變), also known as the Tumu Crisis (simplified Chinese: 土木之变; traditional Chinese: 土木之變; Mongolian: Тумугийн тулалдаан), or the Jisi Incident (simplified Chinese: 己巳之变; traditional Chinese: 己巳之變), was a frontier conflict between the Northern Yuan and Ming dynasties. The Oirat ruler of the Northern Yuan, Esen, captured the Emperor Yingzong of Ming on September 1, 1449.[1]

  1. ^ a b Nolan, Cathal J. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650, Volume 1: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization Greenwood Press (2006) ISBN 978-0-313-33733-8 p. 151 [1]
  2. ^ Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia". The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 0-521-24333-5.