Tumu Crisis

40°23′N 115°36′E / 40.383°N 115.600°E / 40.383; 115.600

Crisis of the Tumu Fortress
DateSeptember 1, 1449
Location
Huailai County, North Zhili, Ming China
Result

Mongol victory

Belligerents
Northern Yuan, Oirat Mongols Ming dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Strength
20,000 500,000[1] (thought to be an inflated figure)[2]
Casualties and losses
2,000 400,000

The Crisis of the Tumu Fortress (simplified Chinese: 土木堡之变; traditional Chinese: 土木堡之變), also known as the Tumu Crisis (simplified Chinese: 土木之变; traditional Chinese: 土木之變; Mongolian: Тумугийн тулалдаан), or the Jisi Incident (simplified Chinese: 己巳之变; traditional Chinese: 己巳之變), was a frontier conflict between the Northern Yuan and Ming dynasties. The Oirat ruler of the Northern Yuan, Esen, captured the Emperor Yingzong of Ming on September 1, 1449.[1]

  1. ^ a b Nolan, Cathal J. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650, Volume 1: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization Greenwood Press (2006) ISBN 978-0-313-33733-8 p. 151 [1]
  2. ^ Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia". The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 0-521-24333-5.