| Umar عُمَر | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Calligraphic seal featuring Umar's name, on display in the Hagia Sophia, Istanbul | |
| 2nd caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate | |
| Reign | 23 August 634 – c. 6 November 644 (10 years, 73 days) |
| Predecessor | Abu Bakr |
| Successor | Uthman |
| Born | c. 582 or 583 CE Mecca, Hejaz, Arabia |
| Died | c. 6 November 644 CE
(c. 26 Dhu al-Hijjah 23 AH) (aged 60–61) Medina, Rashidun Caliphate |
| Burial | Prophet's Mosque, Medina |
| Spouse | |
| Issue (among others) | |
| Tribe | Quraysh (Banu Adi) |
| Father | Al-Khattab ibn Nufayl |
| Mother | Hantamah bint Hisham |
| Religion | Islam |
| Signature |  |
| Arabic name | |
| Personal (Ism) | ʿUmar |
| Patronymic (Nasab) | ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb ibn Nufayl ibn ʿAbd al-ʿUzzā ibn Rāz ibn ʿAdiyy ibn Kaʿab ibn Luʿayy ibn Ghālib ibn Fihr ibn Mālik |
| Teknonymic (Kunya) | Abul Hafs |
| Epithet (Laqab) | Al-Fārūq ("the distinguisher (between right and wrong)") |
| Umar |
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| Part of a series on Sunni Islam |
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 Islam portal |
Umar ibn al-Khattab[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644. Umar was a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Umar initially opposed Muhammad, his distant Qurayshite kinsman and later son-in-law. Following his conversion to Islam in 616, he became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. Umar participated in almost all battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed the title al-Fārūq upon him, for his judgements. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as the first caliph and served as the closest adviser to the latter until August 634, when the dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his successor.
Under Umar, the caliphate expanded at an unprecedented rate, conquering the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire.[3] His attacks against the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and allowed them into Jerusalem and to worship.[4] Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in 644.
Umar is generally viewed by historians to be one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs in history.[5] He is revered in the Sunni Islamic tradition as a great just ruler and paragon of Islamic virtues,[6] and some hadiths identify him as the second greatest of the Sahabah after Abu Bakr.[7][8] However, he is viewed negatively in the Twelver Shia tradition.[9]
- ^ Majlisi, Muhammad Baqir. Mir'at ul-Oqool. Vol. 21. p. 199.
- ^ Al-Tusi, Nasir Al-Din. Al-Mabsoot. Vol. 4. p. 272.
- ^ Hourani (1991), p. 23.
- ^ Dubnow, Simon (1968). History of the Jews: From the Roman Empire to the Early Medieval Period. Vol. 2. Cornwall Books. p. 326. ISBN 978-0-8453-6659-2.
- ^ Ahmed, Nazeer, Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World War, American Institute of Islamic History and Cul, 2001, p. 34. ISBN 0-7388-5963-X.
- ^ Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820.
- ^ "Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". Sunnah.com.
- ^ "Hadith – Book of Companions of the Prophet – Sahih al-Bukhari – Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)". Sunnah.com.
- ^ Bonner, M.; Levi Della Vida, G. "Umar (I) b. al-K̲h̲aṭṭāb". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Brill. p. 820.
Shi'i tradition has never concealed its antipathy to Umar for having thwarted the claims of Ali and the House of the Prophet.
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