A number of authors have use the words "apartheid" or "apartheid-like" in descriptions of various practices in the People's Republic of China.[1] The practices so described include China's hukou system of residency permits,[2][3][4] and the treatment of Tibetans[5], foreigners, and ethnic and religious minorities. [6][7][8]
^Solinger and Wang (China: reforms of the household registration system (hukou)", February 2005) comment that 'Some have compared it to the apartheid pass system in South Africa (Alexander and Chan, Anita 1 July 2004; HRIC 6 Nov. 2002, 4; Hou 4 Mar. 2002) because it restricts the movement of rural ThukouT holders by requiring them to obtain temporary permits to reside in cities[4] (Alexander and Chan, Anita 1 July 2004; Anh Sept. 2003, 29-30).' Alexander and Chan remark that their 2004 paper ("Does China have an apartheid pass system?") was 'inspired by Anita Chan’s contention (2001: 9) that "[China’s] permit system controls [migrant workers] in a similar way to the passbook system under apartheid." More recently, Gillian Hart (2002: 204) proposed that "[a] further constraint on labor organizing [in China] was a system akin to [apartheid] influx control.".'
^Cite error: The named reference Macleod was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Loong was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Peter was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Dalai was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Chan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Snow was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Elliot was invoked but never defined (see the help page).