 | This is not a Wikipedia article: It is an individual user's work-in-progress page, and may be incomplete and/or unreliable. For guidance on developing this draft, see Wikipedia:So you made a userspace draft. Find sources: Google (books · news · scholar · free images · WP refs) · FENS · JSTOR · TWL |
 Flag used by Iraqi Turkmen | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| Turkmeneli Kirkuk · Erbil · Tal Afar · Mosul[1] | |
| Languages | |
| Turkish[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] (Turkmenelian dialect)[11] also Arabic · Kurdish | |
| Religion | |
| Predominantly Islam[1] | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Syrian Turkmens | |
a The Iraqi government in its 1957 national census claimed there were 136,800 Turks in Iraq. However, the revised figure of 567,000 was issued by the Iraqi government after the 1958 revolution. The Iraqi government admitted that the minorities population was actually more than 400% from the previous year's total.[12][13] |
The Iraqi Turkmens or Iraqi Turks (also spelled Turcomans, Turkomens, and Iraqi Turkmans) (Turkish: Irak Türkmenleri/Irak Türkleri) are the ethnic kin of Turks who mainly reside in northern Iraq.[23] Most Iraqi Turkmens speak the Turkish language and are the descendants of the Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq during the rule of the Ottoman Empire.[18][24][25][26]
Iraqi Turkmen first came to Iraq in the seventh century as soldiers recruited into the Muslim Army.[27] Successive waves of migration continued under the Seljuk Empire and then again with the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. With the conquest of Iraq by Suleiman the Magnificent in 1534, followed by Sultan Murad IV's capture of Baghdad in 1638, a large influx of Turks settled down in the region.[27][25] Following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Iraqi Turkmen wanted Turkey to annex the Mosul Vilayet and for them to become part of an expanded state.[28] However, due to the end of the Ottoman monarchy, the Iraqi Turkmen found themselves increasingly discriminated against by policies of successive regimes, such as the Kirkuk Massacre of 1959 and in 1979 when the Ba’th Party increasingly discriminated against the community.[28] Although they were recognized as a constitutive entity of Iraq (alongside the Arabs and Kurds) in the constitution of 1925, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status.[28]
Claims of their population range between 500,000 to over 3 million, regardless of this uncertainty, it is generally accepted that the Iraqi Turks are the third-largest ethnic group in Iraq.[1][29][30][31] According to the 1957 census, which is recognized as the last reliable census, as later censuses were reflections of the Arabization policies of the Ba’th regime,[2] Arabs formed the largest ethnicity followed by Kurds (13%) and Iraqi Turkmen (9%).[15]
The Iraqi Turkmen predominantly live in the north of Iraq, especially in Tal Afar, Mosul, Erbil, Altunkupri, Kirkuk, and Baghdad.[32]
- ^ a b c Al-Shawi 2006, 47.
- ^ a b Anderson & Stansfield 2009, 43.
- ^ Ryan & Mullen 1998, 92.
- ^ Barkey 2005, 2.
- ^ Hassig & Al Adely 2003, 137.
- ^ a b Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. "Iraqi Turkmen". Retrieved 2010-12-05.
- ^ Jenkins 2008, 6.
- ^ Mufti & Bouckaert 2004, 7.
- ^ Minority Rights Group International (April 2008), Iraq: Overview, Minority Rights Group International, retrieved 2011-11-27
- ^ Nissman, David (5 March 1999), "The Iraqi Turkomans: Who They Are and What They Want", Iraq Report, 2 (9), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
- ^ Al-Hurmezi, Ahmed (9 December 2010), The Human Rights Situation of the Turkmen Community in Iraq, Middle East Online, retrieved 2011-10-31
- ^ a b Taylor 2004, 28.
- ^ Al-Hirmizi 2003, 124.
- ^ Oğuzlu 2004, 313.
- ^ a b Gunter 2004, 131.
- ^ Sirkeci 2005, 4.
- ^ Güçlü 2007, 79.
- ^ a b International Crisis Group 2008, 16.
- ^ Kocak, Ali (8 May 2007). "The Reality of the Turkmen Population in Iraq". Turkish Weekly. Retrieved 2010-12-04.
- ^ Söylemez, Yüksel (October 1 2001), Iraqi Turkomans: A lost tribe, Hurriyet Daily News, retrieved 2011-11-18
{{citation}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Park 2005, 36.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Kibaroğlu 2009 loc=165was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Blanchard et al. 2009, 15.
- ^ Library of Congress, Iraq: Other Minorities, Library of Congress Country Studies, retrieved 2011-11-24
- ^ a b Jawhar 2010, 314.
- ^ Taylor 2004, 31.
- ^ a b Stansfield 2007, 70.
- ^ a b c Stansfield 2007, 72.
- ^ Park 2005, 37.
- ^ Phillips 2006, 112.
- ^ Dabrowska & Hann 2008, 172.
- ^ Stansfield 2007, 71.