Vēṇāṭu | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 8/9th CE & 12th CE[1]–1729 | |||||||||
| Capital | Kollam (Quilon) | ||||||||
| Common languages | |||||||||
| Religion | |||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Formation of Venad[1] | c. 8/9th CE & 12th CE[1] | ||||||||
• Dissolution of the Kodungullur Chera Kingdom[1] | c. 1124 CE[1] | ||||||||
• Raids of Ravi Varma Kulasekhara | c. 1312–1316 CE | ||||||||
• Formation of Travancore | 1729 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Part of a series on the |
| History of Kerala |
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Venad was a medieval kingdom between the Western Ghat mountains of India with its capital at city of Quilon.[2][1] It was one of the major principalities of Kerala, along with kingdoms of Kolathunadu, Zamorin, and Kochi in medieval and early modern period.[2][3]
Venad outlasted the Chera Perumal kingdom, gradually developed as an independent principality, known as the Chera kingdom[4], and grew later into modern Travancore (18th century CE).[2][1] Ravi Varma Kulasekhara, most ambitious ruler of Venad, carried out a successful military expedition to Pandya and Chola lands in the early 14th century CE.[5][6]
The Venad ruler Vira Udaya Marthanda Varma (1516–1535) acknowledged the supremacy of the Vijayanagara rulers. Minor battles with Vijayanagara forces in the subsequent period are also recorded.[7] In the 17th century, the rulers of Venad paid an annual tribute to the Nayaks of Madurai.[8][9]
The medieval feudal relations and political authority were dismantled Marthanda Varma (1729–1758), often credited as "the Maker of Travancore".[10][3] Travancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755.[11]
- ^ a b c d e f Narayanan, M. G. S. 2002. ‘The State in the Era of the Ceraman Perumals of Kerala’, in State and Society in Premodern South India, eds R. Champakalakshmi, Kesavan Veluthat, and T. R. Venugopalan, pp.111–19. Thrissur, CosmoBooks.
- ^ a b c Noburu Karashmia (ed.), A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2014. 143-44.
- ^ a b Menon, T. Madhava. A Handbook of Kerala. Vol 1. Trivandrum: Dravidian Linguistics Association, 2002. [1]
- ^ Thapar, Romila, The Penguin History of Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300. Penguin Books, 2002. 368.
- ^ Menon 2007, p. 118.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:032was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Menon, T. Madhava. A Handbook of Kerala. Vol 1. Trivandrum: Dravidian Linguistics Association, 2002. 143. [2]
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
google.co.in1was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ganesh, K.N. (February 1990). "The Process of State Formation in Travancore". Studies in History. 6 (1): 15–33. doi:10.1177/025764309000600102. ISSN 0257-6430. S2CID 162972188.
- ^ Shungoony Menon, P. (1878). A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times (pdf). Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. pp. 162–164. Retrieved 5 May 2016.