Victor Gruen | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | July 18, 1903 |
| Died | February 14, 1980 (aged 76) Vienna, Austria |
| Education | Vienna Academy of Fine Arts |
| Occupation | Architect |
Victor David Gruen, born Viktor David Grünbaum[1] (July 18, 1903 – February 14, 1980), was an Austrian-American architect best known as a pioneer in the design of shopping malls in the United States.[2] He is also noted for his urban revitalization proposals, described in his writings and applied in master plans such as for Fort Worth, Texas (1955),[3] Kalamazoo, Michigan (1958) and Fresno, California (1965).[1] An advocate of prioritizing pedestrians over cars in urban cores, he was also the designer of the first outdoor pedestrian mall in the United States, the Kalamazoo Mall.[4][5]
- ^ a b Infoplease: Gruen, Victor retrieved 25 February 2012
- ^ Mars, Roman. "99% Invisible-163- The Gruen Effect". Retrieved 6 May 2015.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Wall 2006.
- ^ Weiss-Sussex & Bianchini 2006, p. 92.