| Chữ Hán: 文 (Văn) Chữ Nôm: 銅 (Đồng) French: Sapèque | |
|---|---|
_970%E2%80%93979_%26_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Th%C3%B4ng_B%E1%BA%A3o_(%E4%BF%9D%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%B6)_1933%E2%80%931945_01.jpg) First and last Vietnamese cash coins: Thái Bình Hưng Bảo (太平興寶) issued during the Đinh dynasty (970–980). Bảo Đại Thông Bảo (保大通寶) issued under Bảo Đại (1925–1945). | |
| Denominations | |
| Superunit | |
| 10 | Phân (分) |
| 36–60 | Mạch (陌) / Tiền (錢) |
| 360–600 | Quán (貫) / Nguyên (元)[1][2][3] |
| 20 | Đồng (銅) In the Democratic Republic of Vietnam between 1947 and 1948, making them equal to 5 xu (樞). |
| Demographics | |
| Date of introduction | 970 |
| User(s) |  Vietnam,  French Indochina (until 1945),  North Vietnam (until 1948) |
| This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete. | |
 | This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{lang}}, {{transliteration}} for transliterated languages, and {{IPA}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate ISO 639 code. Wikipedia's multilingual support templates may also be used. (September 2021) |
The Vietnamese cash (chữ Hán: 文錢 văn tiền; chữ Nôm: 銅錢 đồng tiền; French: sapèque),[a][b] also called the sapek or sapèque,[c] is a cast round coin with a square hole that was an official currency of Vietnam from the Đinh dynasty in 970 until the Nguyễn dynasty in 1945, and remained in circulation in North Vietnam until 1948. The same type of currency circulated in China, Japan, Korea, and Ryūkyū for centuries. Though the majority of Vietnamese cash coins throughout history were copper coins, lead, iron (from 1528) and zinc (from 1740) coins also circulated alongside them often at fluctuating rates (with 1 copper cash being worth 10 zinc cash in 1882).[7] Coins made from metals of lower intrinsic value were introduced because of various superstitions involving Vietnamese people burying cash coins, as the problem of people burying cash coins became too much for the government. Almost all coins issued by government mints tended to be buried mere months after they had entered circulation. The Vietnamese government began issuing coins made from an alloy of zinc, lead, and tin. As these cash coins tended to be very fragile, they would decompose faster if buried, which caused the Vietnamese people to stop burying their coins.[8][9]
The inscriptions of Vietnamese cash coins can be written in either the Viết chéo (曰湥 / 曰袑, top-bottom-right-left) style or the Viết thuận (曰順, clockwise, top-right-bottom-left) style.[10]
- ^ Vietnamnet – Sử Việt, đọc vài quyển Chương IV "Tiền bạc, văn chương và lịch sử" (in Vietnamese)
- ^ "Definition of guàn (貫)". Retrieved 25 August 2010.
- ^ Hán-Việt từ điển của Thiều Chửu. Nhà Xuất Bản TP. Hồ chí Minh. 2002 (in Vietnamese)
- ^ Dai Nam Hoi Dien Su Le" (Administrative statute of Dai Nam) published by Thuận Hóa, Viet Nam 1993. (in Vietnamese)
- ^ "Dai Nam Thuc Luc" (A veritable chronicle of Đại Nam) published by Khoa Hoc Xa Hoi, Hanoi 1962, written by the Cabinet of Nguyễn dynasty. (in Vietnamese)
- ^ Le bas-monnayage annamite au niên hiệu de Gia Long (1804-1827) by François Joyaux. Retrieved: 22 April 2018. (in French)
- ^ Toda 1882, p. 6.
- ^ Manuel de Rivas, Idea del Imperio de Anam, Ó de Los Reinos Unidos de Tunquin y Cochinchina. Published: 1858 Manila, Spanish East Indies, page 115. (in Castilian)
- ^ Toda 1882, p. 9.
- ^ Đường Cao Tổ tuy lấy niên hiệu là Vũ Đức nhưng tiền đúc lại dùng chữ Khai Nguyên. Dẫn theo "Tiền thời Cảnh Hưng, một bí ẩn lịch sử cần được khám phá" của Nguyễn Cảnh Huy; tài liệu của Sở Khoa học công nghệ Bình Định Archived 2009-05-03 at the Wayback Machine cũng khẳng định tương tự: Khai Nguyên Thông Bảo do Đường Cao Tổ đúc
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