| Volga | |
|---|---|
 The Volga at Yaroslavl | |
 The Volga drainage basin | |
| Etymology | Proto-Slavic *vòlga 'wetness' |
| Native name | Волга (Russian) |
| Location | |
| Location | Eastern Europe |
| Country | Russian Federation |
| Cities | Tver, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Cheboksary, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan, Togliatti |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Valdai Hills, Tver Oblast |
| • coordinates | 57°15′4.7″N 32°28′5.1″E / 57.251306°N 32.468083°E |
| • elevation | 228 m (748 ft)[1] |
| Mouth | Caspian Sea |
• location | Astrakhan Oblast |
• coordinates | 45°41′42″N 47°53′51″E / 45.69500°N 47.89750°E[2] |
• elevation | −28 m (−92 ft)[1] |
| Length | 3,531 km (2,194 mi)[3] |
| Basin size | 1,360,000 km2 (530,000 sq mi)[3] 1,404,107.6 km2 (542,129.0 sq mi)[4] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Astrakhan (Basin size: 1,391,271.8 km2 (537,173.0 sq mi) |
| • average | 8,060 m3/s (285,000 cu ft/s)
8,103.078 m3/s (286,157.5 cu ft/s)[4] Volga Delta: 8,110.544 m3/s (286,421.2 cu ft/s)[4] |
| • minimum | 5,000 m3/s (180,000 cu ft/s) |
| • maximum | 48,500 m3/s (1,710,000 cu ft/s) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Volgograd (Basin size: 1,359,396.8 km2 (524,866.0 sq mi) |
| • average | 8,150 m3/s (288,000 cu ft/s) 8,228.298 m3/s (290,579.6 cu ft/s)[5] |
| • minimum | 5,090 m3/s (180,000 cu ft/s) |
| • maximum | 48,450 m3/s (1,711,000 cu ft/s) |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Samara (Basin size: 1,218,995.3 km2 (470,656.7 sq mi) |
| • average | 7,680 m3/s (271,000 cu ft/s) 7,785.921 m3/s (274,957.2 cu ft/s)[6] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Nizhny Novgorod (Basin size: 479,637.3 km2 (185,189.0 sq mi) |
| • average | 2,940 m3/s (104,000 cu ft/s)
2,806.467 m3/s (99,109.4 cu ft/s)[7] Yaroslavl (Basin size: 153,657.8 km2 (59,327.6 sq mi): 1,008.277 m3/s (35,607.0 cu ft/s)[7] Rybinsk (Basin size: 150,119.8 km2 (57,961.6 sq mi): 993.253 m3/s (35,076.4 cu ft/s)[7] |
| Discharge | |
| • location | Tver (Basin size: 24,658.6 km2 (9,520.7 sq mi) |
| • average | 176 m3/s (6,200 cu ft/s) 186.157 m3/s (6,574.1 cu ft/s)[7] |
| Basin features | |
| Tributaries | |
| • left | Kama |
| • right | Oka |
 | |
The Volga (Russian: Волга, pronounced [ˈvoɫɡə] ) is the longest river in Europe and the longest endorheic basin river in the world. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of 3,531 km (2,194 mi), and a catchment area of 1,360,000 km2 (530,000 sq mi).[3] It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between 8,000 m3/s (280,000 cu ft/s) and 8,500 m3/s (300,000 cu ft/s) – and of drainage basin. It is widely regarded as the national river of Russia. The hypothetical old Russian state, the Rus' Khaganate, arose along the Volga c. 830 AD.[8] Historically, the river served as an important meeting place of various Eurasian civilizations.[9][10][11]
The river flows in Russia through forests, forest steppes and steppes. Five of the ten largest cities of Russia, including the nation's capital, Moscow, are located in the Volga's drainage basin. Because the Volga drains into the Caspian Sea, which is an endorheic body of water, the Volga does not naturally connect to any of the world's oceans.
Some of the largest reservoirs in the world are located along the Volga River. The river has a symbolic meaning in Russian culture – Russian literature and folklore often refer to it as Волга-матушка Volga-Matushka (Mother Volga).
- ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
readersnaturalwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Volga at GEOnet Names Server
- ^ a b c «Река Волга» Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Russian State Water Registry
- ^ a b c "Rivers Network". 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ "Rivers Network". 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ "Rivers Network". 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Rivers Network". 2020. Archived from the original on 9 January 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
- ^ Gannholm, Tore. "Birka, Varangian Emporium". Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Luttwak, Edward N. (2011). Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Belknap Harvard. p. 52. ISBN 978-0674062078. OCLC 733913679.
- ^ Walker, Joel (2007). "Iran and Its Neighbors in Late Antiquity: Art of the Sasanian Empire (224–642 C.E.)". American Journal of Archaeology. 1 11 (4): 797. doi:10.3764/aja.111.4.795. ISSN 0002-9114. S2CID 192943660.
- ^ McNeese, Tim (2005). The Volga river. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 14–16. ISBN 0791082474. OCLC 56535045.