Wappinger

This article is about the Native American tribe. For other uses, see Wappinger (disambiguation).
Wappinger
Wappinger territory (in center, "Wappinges"), from a 1685 reprint of a 1656 map
Total population
Extinct as a tribe,[1]
descendants joined the Stockbridge-Munsee[2]
Regions with significant populations
United States (New York)
Languages
Eastern Algonquian languages, probably Munsee[1]
Religion
traditional tribal religion
Related ethnic groups
Other Algonquian peoples

The Wappinger (/ˈwɒpɪndʒər/ WOP-in-jər)[3] were an Eastern Algonquian Munsee-speaking Native American people from what is now southern New York and western Connecticut.

At the time of first contact in the 17th century they were primarily based in what is now Dutchess County, New York, but their territory included the east bank of the Hudson in what became both Putnam and Westchester counties south to the western Bronx[4] and northern Manhattan Island.[5][6] To the east they reached to the Connecticut River Valley,[1] and to the north the Roeliff Jansen Kill in southernmost Columbia County, New York, marked the end of their territory.[7]

Their nearest allies were the Mohican to the north, the Montaukett to the southeast on Long Island, and the remaining New England tribes to the east. Like the Lenape, the Wappinger were highly decentralized as a people. They formed numerous loosely associated bands that had established geographic territories.[8]

The Wequaesgeek, a Wappinger people living along the lower Hudson River near today's New York City, were among the first to be recorded encountering European adventurers and traders when Henry Hudson's Half Moon appeared in 1609.[9]

Long after their original settlements had been decimated by wars with the colonists, wars with other Indian tribes, questionable land sales, waves of diseases brought by the Europeans, and absorption into other tribes, their last sachem and a group of their heavily dwindled people were residing at the "prayer town" sanctuary of Stockbridge, Massachusetts. A stalwart spokesman for Native American concerns and valiant soldier, Daniel Nimham had traveled to Great Britain in the 1760s to argue for a return of tribal lands, and served in both the French and Indian Wars (on behalf of the English) and American Revolution (in support of the Colonists). He died with his son Abraham in a slaughter of the Stockbridge Militia at the Battle of Kingsbridge in 1778.[10]

Following the war,[11] what was left of a combined Mohican and Wappinger community in Stockbridge, Massachusetts left for Oneida County in western New York to join the Oneida people there. There they were joined by the remnants of the Munsee, forming the Stockbridge-Munsee tribe.

From that time, the Wappinger ceased to have an independent name in history, and their people intermarried with others. Their descendants were subsequently relocated to a Stockbridge-Munsee reservation in Shawano County, Wisconsin. The tribe operates a casino there, and in 2010 was awarded two tiny parcels suitable for casinos in New York State in return for dropping larger land claims there.[12]

The totem (or emblem) of the Wappinger was the "enchanted wolf," with the right paw raised defiantly. By one account, they shared this totem with the Mohicans.[13]

  1. ^ a b c Sebeok 1977, p. 380.
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference md295 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ "Definition of WAPPINGER".
  4. ^ Sultzman, Lee (1997). "Wappinger History". Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  5. ^ "The $24 Swindle", Nathaniel Benchley, American Heritage, 1959, Vol. 11, Issue 1
  6. ^ Boesch, Eugene, J., Native Americans of Putnam County
  7. ^ Ruttenber, E.M. (1906). "Footprints of the Red Men: Indian Geographical Names in the Valley of Hudson's River, the Valley of the Mohawk, and on the Delaware: Their location and the probable meaning of some of them". Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association - the Annual Meeting, with Constitution, By-Laws and List of Members. 7th Annual. New York State Historical Association: 40 (RA1–PA38). Retrieved October 31, 2010.
  8. ^ Trelease, Allen (1997). Indian Affairs in Colonial New York. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9431-X.
  9. ^ Swanton 1952, p. 47.
  10. ^ "Grumet, Robert S. "The Nimhams of the Colonial Hudson Valley 1667-1783", The Hudson River Valley Review, The Hudson River Valley Institute" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
  11. ^ "Death In the Bronx, The Stockbridge Indian Massacre August, 1778", Richard S. Walling, americanrevolution.org
  12. ^ Gale Courey Toensing, "Seneca Upset Over N.Y. Casino Agreement", Indian Country Today, 26 January 2011
  13. ^ Ruttenber, E.M. (1872). History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River. Albany, NY: J. Munsell. p. 50.