 | This article may be a rough translation from Spanish. It may have been generated, in whole or in part, by a computer or by a translator without dual proficiency. (April 2023) |
| War of 1912 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Banana Wars | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Cuba United States |
Cuban Partido Independiente de Color | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
José Miguel Gómez Lincoln Karmany |
Evaristo Estenoz † Pedro Ivonnet † | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 16[1] | 3,000–6,000 killed[2][3][4] | ||||||
| History of Cuba |
|---|
 |
| Governorate of Cuba (1511–1519) |
|
|
| Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535–1821) |
|
|
| Captaincy General of Cuba (1607–1898) |
|
|
| US Military Government (1898–1902) |
|
|
| Republic of Cuba (1902–1959) |
|
|
| Republic of Cuba (1959–) |
|
|
| Timeline |
|
|
 Cuba portal |
The War of 1912 (Spanish: Levantamiento Armado de los Independientes de Color, lit. 'Armed Uprising of the Independents of Color'), also known as the Little Race War, the Negro Rebellion, or The Twelve, was a series of protests and uprisings in 1912 in Cuba, which saw conflict between Afro-Cuban rebels and the armed forces of Cuba. It took place mainly in the eastern region of the island, where most Afro-Cubans were employed. After weeks of fighting, which involved massacres of Afro-Cubans by the Cuban National Army led by General Jesus Monteagudo and a U.S. military intervention to protect American companies, the rebellion was put down. The leaders of the Afro-Cuban rebels, Evaristo Estenoz and Pedro Ivonnet, were killed during the rebellion and their political movement, The Independent Party of Color, was dissolved. Between 3,000 and 6,000 people were killed in the rebellion.[5][6]
- ^ Ferrer, A. (2022). Cuba: An American history. Scribner.
- ^ ""Cuba 1912: La masacre racista", AfroCubaWeb". Afrocubaweb.com. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
- ^ "Partido de Independiente de Color (Cuba, 1908–1912): The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed". BlackPast. 18 February 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ^ "Cuba 1912: La masacre racista". AfroCubaWeb. Retrieved 22 February 2016.
- ^ Brock, Lisa (1994). "Back to the Future: African-Americans and Cuba in the Time(s) of Race". Contributions in Black Studies. 12 (3): 9–32.
- ^ Castellanos García, Gerardo (1934). Panorama histórico : Ensayo de cronología cubana : Desde 1492 hasta 1933 Tomo III. Ucar, García y Cía. pp. 1370–1371 – via archive.org.