Wertheimer is an Ashkenazi Jewish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Akiba Israel Wertheimer (1778–1835), first Chief Rabbi of Altona and Schleswig-Holstein
- Alain and Gérard Wertheimer, French Jewish billionaire owners of Chanel
- Arjeh Yehuda Wertheimer (1862–1937), known as Constantin Brunner, German-Jewish philosopher
- Egon Ranshofen-Wertheimer (1894–1957), Austrian and German diplomat, journalist, jurist and political scientist
- Esther Wertheimer (1926–2016), Polish architect
- François Wertheimer [fr] (born 1947), French singer
- Fred Wertheimer (born 1939), American political activist
- Gustav Wertheimer (1847–1904), Austrian artist
- Haim Ernst Wertheimer (1893–1978), German-born Israeli biochemist
- Hedy Wertheimer (1907–1976), Austrian-American Olympic swimmer
- Jack Wertheimer, professor of American Jewish history
- Jacques Wertheimer (1911–1996), father of Pierre
- John Wertheimer (1799–1883), English printer
- Linda Wertheimer (born 1943), American broadcast journalist for National Public Radio
- Martha Wertheimer (1890–1942), German journalist, writer and rescuer of Jewish children from Nazi forces
- Max Wertheimer (1880–1943), Prague-born Gestalt psychologist
- Michael Wertheimer (1927–2022), psychologist, son of Max Wertheimer
- Michael Wertheimer (born 1957), American cryptologic mathematician
- Pierre Wertheimer (1888–1965), French businessman, co-founder of Chanel
- Rabbi Samson Wertheimer (1658–1724), German-Hungarian and Austrian rabbi, philanthropist
- Rabbi Solomon Aaron Wertheimer (1866–1935)
- Stef Wertheimer (born 1926), Israeli industrialist
- Yair Wertheimer (born 1955), Israeli former tennis player