What Is Art?

This article is about a book by Leo Tolstoy. For the general topic of defining "art" and determining what counts as art, see classificatory disputes about art.

What Is Art? (Russian: Что такое искусство? Chto takoye iskusstvo?) is a book by Leo Tolstoy. It was completed in Russian in 1897 but first published in English in 1898 due to difficulties with the Russian censors.[1]

Tolstoy cites the time, effort, public funds, and public respect spent on art and artists[2] as well as the imprecision of general opinions on art[3] as reason for writing the book. In his words, "it is difficult to say what is meant by art, and especially what is good, useful art, art for the sake of which we might condone such sacrifices as are being offered at its shrine".[4]

Throughout the book Tolstoy demonstrates an "unremitting moralism",[5] evaluating artworks in light of his radical Christian ethics,[6] and displaying a willingness to dismiss accepted masters, including Wagner,[7] Shakespeare,[8] and Dante,[9] as well as the bulk of his own writings.[10]

Having rejected the use of beauty in definitions of art (see aesthetics), Tolstoy conceptualises art as anything that communicates emotion: "Art begins when a man, with the purpose of communicating to other people a feeling he once experienced, calls it up again within himself and expresses it by certain external signs".[11]

This view of art is inclusive: "jokes", "home decoration", and "church services" may all be considered art as long as they convey feeling.[12] It is also amoral: "[f]eelings ... very bad and very good, if only they infect the reader ... constitute the subject of art".[13]

Tolstoy also notes that the "sincerity" of the artist – that is, the extent to which the artist "experiences the feeling he conveys" – influences the infection.[14]

  1. ^ Simmons, Ernest (1973). What is Art?, in Tolstoy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 178.
  2. ^ Tolstoy, Leo (1995 [1897]). What is Art? (Translated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky). London: Penguin. pp. 3–4.
  3. ^ Tolstoy 1995 [1897], pp. 9–13.
  4. ^ Tolstoy 1995 [1897], p. 9.
  5. ^ Jahn, Gary R. (1975). "The aesthetic theory of Leo Tolstoy's What is Art?". Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism. 34 (1): 59.
  6. ^ Jahn 1975, p. 63.
  7. ^ Tolstoy 1995 [1897], pp. 101–12.
  8. ^ Tolstoy 1995 [1897], pp. 33–4, 137.
  9. ^ Tolstoy 1995 [1897], p. 95, 137.
  10. ^ Tolstoy 1995 [1897], pp. 197–198.
  11. ^ Tolstoy 1995 [1897], p. 38.
  12. ^ Tolstoy 1995 [1897], p. 41, Jahn 1975, p. 60.
  13. ^ Tolstoy 1995 [1897], p. 39.
  14. ^ Tolstoy 1995 [1897], p. 121, 93, 99–100.