Xylella fastidiosa

Xylella fastidiosa
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Xanthomonadales
Family: Xanthomonadaceae
Genus: Xylella
Species:
X. fastidiosa
Binomial name
Xylella fastidiosa
Wells et al., 1987

Xylella fastidiosa is an aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium of the genus Xylella.[1] It is a plant pathogen, that grows in the water transport tissues of plants (xylem vessels) and is transmitted exclusively by xylem sap-feeding insects such as sharpshooters and spittlebugs.[1][2][3][4] Many plant diseases are due to infections of X. fastidiosa, including bacterial leaf scorch, oleander leaf scorch, coffee leaf scorch (CLS), alfalfa dwarf, phony peach disease, and the economically important Pierce's disease of grapes (PD),[5] olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS),[6][7] and citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC).[8] While the largest outbreaks of X. fastidiosa–related diseases have occurred in the Americas and Europe, this pathogen has also been found in Taiwan, Israel, and a few other countries worldwide.[9][10]

Xylella fastidiosa can infect an extremely wide range of plants, many of which do not show any symptoms of disease.[11] Disease occurs in plant species that are susceptible due to blockage of water flow in the xylem vessels caused by several factors: bacterial obstruction, overreaction of the plant immune response (tylose formation), and formation of air embolisms.[12][13][14] A strain of X. fastidiosa responsible for citrus variegated chlorosis was the first bacterial plant pathogen to have its genome sequenced, in part because of its importance in agriculture.[15] Due to the significant impacts of this pathogen on agricultural crops around the world, there is substantial investment in scientific research related to X. fastidiosa and the diseases it causes.[16]

  1. ^ a b Rapicavoli, Jeannette; Ingel, Brian; Blanco-Ulate, Barbara; Cantu, Dario; Roper, Caroline (April 2018). "Xylella fastidiosa : an examination of a re-emerging plant pathogen: Xylella fastidiosa". Molecular Plant Pathology. 19 (4): 786–800. doi:10.1111/mpp.12585. PMC 6637975. PMID 28742234.
  2. ^ Krugner, Rodrigo; Sisterson, Mark S; Backus, Elaine A; Burbank, Lindsey P; Redak, Richard A (May 2019). "Sharpshooters: a review of what moves Xylella fastidiosa". Austral Entomology. 58 (2): 248–267. doi:10.1111/aen.12397. ISSN 2052-174X. S2CID 182504242.
  3. ^ Redak, Richard A.; Purcell, Alexander H.; Lopes, João R.S.; Blua, Matthew J.; Mizell III, Russell F.; Andersen, Peter C. (3 December 2003). "The biology of xylem fluid–feeding insect vectors of Xylella fastidiosa and their relation to disease epidemiology". Annual Review of Entomology. 49 (1): 243–270. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123403. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 14651464.
  4. ^ Cornara, Daniele; Saponari, Maria; Zeilinger, Adam R.; de Stradis, Angelo; Boscia, Donato; Loconsole, Giuliana; Bosco, Domenico; Martelli, Giovanni P.; Almeida, Rodrigo P. P.; Porcelli, Francesco (1 March 2017). "Spittlebugs as vectors of Xylella fastidiosa in olive orchards in Italy". Journal of Pest Science. 90 (2): 521–530. doi:10.1007/s10340-016-0793-0. ISSN 1612-4766. PMC 5320020. PMID 28275326.
  5. ^ "Pierce's Disease". UC IPM. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  6. ^ Martelli, G. P.; Boscia, D.; Porcelli, F.; Saponari, M. (1 February 2016). "The olive quick decline syndrome in south-east Italy: a threatening phytosanitary emergency". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 144 (2): 235–243. Bibcode:2016EJPP..144..235M. doi:10.1007/s10658-015-0784-7. ISSN 1573-8469. S2CID 254475576.
  7. ^ "Minimizing the Spread of Disease in Italy's Famous Olive Trees". Our Environment at Berkeley. University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management (ESPM). 9 February 2015. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
  8. ^ Coletta-Filho, Helvecio Della; Castillo, Andreina I.; Laranjeira, Francisco Ferraz; de Andrade, Eduardo Chumbinho; Silva, Natalia Teixeira; de Souza, Alessandra Alves; Bossi, Mariana Esteves; Almeida, Rodrigo P. P.; Lopes, João R. S. (1 June 2020). "Citrus Variegated Chlorosis: an Overview of 30 Years of Research and Disease Management". Tropical Plant Pathology. 45 (3): 175–191. doi:10.1007/s40858-020-00358-5. ISSN 1983-2052. S2CID 218652922.
  9. ^ Su, Chiou-Chu; Chang, Chung Jan; Chang, Che-Ming; Shih, Hsien-Tzung; Tzeng, Kuo-Ching; Jan, Fuh-Jyh; Kao, Chin-Wen; Deng, Wen-Ling (June 2013). "Pierce's Disease of Grapevines in Taiwan: Isolation, Cultivation and Pathogenicity of Xylella fastidiosa". Journal of Phytopathology. 161 (6): 389–396. doi:10.1111/jph.12075.
  10. ^ Zecharia, Noa; Krasnov, Helena; Vanunu, Miri; Siri, Andreina Castillo; Haberman, Ami; Dror, Orit; Vakal, Lera; Almeida, Rodrigo P. P.; Blank, Lior; Shtienberg, Dani; Bahar, Ofir (November 2022). "Xylella fastidiosa Outbreak in Israel: Population Genetics, Host Range, and Temporal and Spatial Distribution Analysis". Phytopathology. 112 (11): 2296–2309. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-03-22-0105-R. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 35778787. S2CID 250218193.
  11. ^ "Update of the Xylella spp. host plant database – systematic literature search up to 30 June 2021". www.efsa.europa.eu. 12 January 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
  12. ^ Petit, Giai; Bleve, Gianluca; Gallo, Antonia; Mita, Giovanni; Montanaro, Giuseppe; Nuzzo, Vitale; Zambonini, Dario; Pitacco, Andrea (2021). "Susceptibility to Xylella fastidiosa and functional xylem anatomy in Olea europaea: revisiting a tale of plant–pathogen interaction". AoB Plants. 13 (4): plab027. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plab027. PMC 8300559. PMID 34316336.
  13. ^ Ingel, Brian; Reyes, Clarissa; Massonnet, Mélanie; Boudreau, Bailey; Sun, Yuling; Sun, Qiang; McElrone, Andrew J.; Cantu, Dario; Roper, M. Caroline (February 2021). "Xylella fastidiosa causes transcriptional shifts that precede tylose formation and starch depletion in xylem". Molecular Plant Pathology. 22 (2): 175–188. doi:10.1111/mpp.13016. ISSN 1464-6722. PMC 7814960. PMID 33216451.
  14. ^ Roper, M. Caroline; Greve, L. Carl; Labavitch, John M.; Kirkpatrick, Bruce C. (15 November 2007). "Detection and Visualization of an Exopolysaccharide Produced by Xylella fastidiosa In Vitro and In Planta". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (22): 7252–7258. Bibcode:2007ApEnM..73.7252R. doi:10.1128/AEM.00895-07. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 2168192. PMID 17827325.
  15. ^ Simpson, A. J. G.; Reinach, F. C.; Arruda, P.; Abreu, F. A.; Acencio, M.; Alvarenga, R.; Alves, L. M. C.; Araya, J. E.; Baia, G. S.; Baptista, C. S.; Barros, M. H.; Bonaccorsi, E. D.; Bordin, S.; Bové, J. M.; Briones, M. R. S. (July 2000). "The genome sequence of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa". Nature. 406 (6792): 151–157. doi:10.1038/35018003. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 10910347. S2CID 17344899.
  16. ^ Lindow, Steven (1 February 2019). "Money Matters: Fueling Rapid Recent Insight Into Xylella fastidiosa—An Important and Expanding Global Pathogen". Phytopathology. 109 (2): 210–212. doi:10.1094/PHYTO-09-18-0325-PER. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 30644806. S2CID 58611726.