Province of Judah Yêhūd Mêdīnāta (Aramaic) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| c. 539 BCE–c. 332 BCE | |||||||||
 Standard of Cyrus the Great | |||||||||
 | |||||||||
| Status | Province of the Achaemenid Empire | ||||||||
| Capital | Jerusalem 31°47′N 35°13′E / 31.783°N 35.217°E | ||||||||
| Common languages | Aramaic, Hebrew, Old Persian | ||||||||
| Religion | Judaism, Samaritanism | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Jewish, Judean, Judahite, or Israelite | ||||||||
| Historical era | Axial Age | ||||||||
| c. 539 BCE | |||||||||
| 539 BCE | |||||||||
| 538 BCE | |||||||||
| 538 BCE | |||||||||
• Construction of the Second Jewish Temple in Jerusalem | 520–515 BCE | ||||||||
| c. 332 BCE | |||||||||
| Currency | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
Yehud Medinata,[1][2][3][4][5] also called Yehud Medinta[a] (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: יְהוּד מְדִינְתָּא, romanized: Y'hūḏ m'ḏīntā) or simply Yehud, was an autonomous province in Judea within the Achaemenid Empire. This territory was distinctly Jewish, with the High Priest emerging as a central religious and political leader.[10] It lasted for just over two centuries until the Greek conquest of the Persian Empire, which resulted in its incorporation into the Hellenistic empires.
Following the fall of Babylon in 539 BCE, Yehud province absorbed the Babylonian province of Yehud, which, in turn, had been established in the place of the Kingdom of Judah, which was dissolved c. 587 BCE. Upon the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Cyrus the Great issued the so-called Edict of Cyrus, which is described in the Hebrew Bible as his authorization and encouragement of the return to Zion, thereby ending the Babylonian captivity. In the province, returning Jewish exiles began to revive their national identity, reconstruct the Temple in Jerusalem, and rebuild their lives in their ancestral homeland.[10]
The province constituted a part of Eber-Nari and was bounded by Idumaea (now part of Achaemenid Arabia) to the south, lying along the frontier of the two satrapies. Spanning most of Judea—from the Shephelah in the west to the Dead Sea in the east—it was one of several Persian provinces in Palestine, together with Moab, Ammon, Gilead, Samaria, Ashdod, and Idumea/Arabia, among others.[11] The province's overall population is gauged as having been considerably smaller than that of the fallen Israelite kingdom. The name Yehud Medinata is originally Aramaic and was first introduced after the Babylonian conquest of Judah.[1]
The Persian period marked the start of the Second Temple period in Jewish history. Jewish returnees had come from various areas of the empire. Governor Zerubbabel, who led the first returnees, laid the foundation of the Second Temple. Leaders such as Ezra and Nehemiah followed, and their efforts to rebuild Jewish life in Judah are chronicled in biblical books named after them. Another significant Persian period achievement was the canonization of the Torah, traditionally credited to Ezra. This process played an important role in shaping Jewish identity and had a lasting impact on Western civilization.[12]
- ^ a b Crotty, Robert Brian (2017). The Christian Survivor: How Roman Christianity Defeated Its Early Competitors. Springer. p. 25 f.n. 4. ISBN 978-981-10-3214-1. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
The Babylonians translated the Hebrew name [Judah] into Aramaic as Yehud Medinata ('the province of Judah') or simply 'Yehud' and made it a new Babylonian province. This was inherited by the Persians. Under the Greeks, Yehud was translated as Judaea and this was taken over by the Romans. After the Jewish rebellion of 135 CE, the Romans renamed the area Syria Palaestina or simply Palestine. The area described by these land titles differed to some extent in the different periods.
- ^ Spolsky, Bernard (2014). The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-107-05544-5. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ Gooder, Paula (2013). The Bible: A Beginner's Guide. Beginner's Guides. Oneworld Publications. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-78074-239-7. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ "medinah". Bible Hub: Search, Read, Study the Bible in Many Languages. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
- ^ Philologos (21 March 2003). "The Jews of Old-Time Medina". Forward. The Forward Association. Retrieved 4 May 2020.
...in the book of Esther,...the opening verse of the Hebrew text tells us that King Ahasuerus ruled over 127 medinas from India to Ethiopia — which the Targum, the canonical Jewish translation of the Bible into Aramaic, renders not as medinata, 'cities,' but as pilkhin, 'provinces.'
- ^ Kalimi, Isaac (2005). An Ancient Israelite Historian: Studies in the Chronicler, His Time, Place and Writing. Studia Semitica Neerlandica. BRILL. pp. 12, 16, 89, 133, 157. ISBN 978-90-04-35876-8. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ Bar-Asher, Moshe (2014). Studies in Classical Hebrew. Studia Judaica, Volume 71 (reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 76. ISBN 978-3-11-030039-0. ISSN 0585-5306. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ Fleishman, Joseph (2009). Gershon Galil; Markham Geller; Alan Millard (eds.). To stop Nehemiah from building the Jerusalem wall: Jewish aristocrats triggered an economic crisis. Vetus Testamentum, Supplements. Brill. pp. 361-390 [369, 374, 376, 377, 384]. ISBN 978-90-474-4124-3. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Kochman, Michael (1981). Status and Territory of 'Yehud Medinta' in the Persian Period (dissertation) (in Hebrew). Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 247. ISBN 978-3-16-145240-6. Retrieved 28 September 2020 – via "Bibliography" (p. 247; just the work's title) in Kasher, Aryeh. "Jews, Idumaeans, and Ancient Arabs: Relations of the Jews in Eretz-Israel with the Nations of the Frontier and the Desert During the Hellenistic and Roman Era (332 BCE-70 CE)". Mohr Siebeck, 1988, Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism Series (Volume 18), ISBN 9783161452406.
- ^ a b Goodman, Martin (1987). The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome, A.D. 66–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 29. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511552656. ISBN 978-0-521-44782-9.
The independent Jewish state of Judah came to an end in 586 BC with the destruction of Jerusalem by the Babylonians. Much of the population was carried off into exile in Mesopotamia. ... Babylon in turn, however, fell in 539 BC to Cyrus, the energetic king of Persia, and under his patronage and that of his successor the Jews began to revive their national life in Judah. The temple was gradually rebuilt and the High Priest was eventually recognized by the suzerain as the leader of the nation. This small Persian province was distinctively Jewish. The local representatives of the Persian king are known to have been in some cases Jews who maintained close, if not always friendly, relations with the governor of the neighbouring province of Samaria. Thus by the end of the Persian period Jerusalem was the centre of a small and economically backward but well-established Jewish community, accustomed to considerable autonomy, particularly in religious affairs, and unified around the Temple and the High Priest.
- ^ Klingbeil, Gerald A. (2016). When Not to "Tie the Knot": A Study of Exogamous Marriage in Ezra–Nehemiah Against the Backdrop of Biblical Legal Tradition. Berrien Springs, Michigan, United States: Andrews University. pp. 156–158.
The current thinking about Persian period Yehud entails an (ethnically) multi-faceted population, a much better understanding of its archaeology, as well as the interaction between the smallish province of Yehud with other Persian provinces in Palestine, including Moab, Ammon, Gilead, Samaria, Ashdod, Idumea, etc., that were all part of the fifth Persian satrapy called Ebir-Nāri. This interest is not only due to a more careful and differentiated analysis of the material culture (i.e., the archaeology of Persian period Palestine), but also to the fact that most modern scholars view this period as the hotbed of creative literary activity during which most books of the Hebrew Bible were edited or composed thus meriting a closer look.
- ^ Faust, Avraham; Katz, Hayah, eds. (2019). "9. התקופה הפרסית". מבוא לארכיאולוגיה של ארץ-ישראל: משלהי תקופת האבן ועד כיבושי אלכסנדר [Archaeology of the Land of Israel: From the Neolithic to Alexander the Great] (in Hebrew). Vol. II. למדא: ספרי האוניברסיטה הפתוחה. pp. 329–331. ISBN 978-965-06-1603-8.
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