1852 United Kingdom general election

1852 United Kingdom general election

← 1847 7–31 July 1852 (1852-07-07 – 1852-07-31) 1857 →
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All 654 seats in the House of Commons 328 seats needed for a majority
First party Second party   Leader Earl of Derby Lord John Russell Party Conservative Whig Leader since July 1846 October 1842 Leader's seat House of Lords City of London Last election 325 seats, 42.7% 292 seats, 53.8% Seats won 330[1] 324[b] Seat change 5 32 Popular vote 311,481 430,882 Percentage 41.9%[a] 57.9%[a] Swing 0.8% 4.1%
Colours denote the winning party—as shown in § Results
Composition of the House of Commons after the election
Prime Minister before election Earl of Derby Conservative Prime Minister after election Earl of Derby Conservative

The 1852 United Kingdom general election was a watershed in the formation of the modern political parties of Britain. Following 1852, the Tory/Conservative party became, more completely, the party of the rural aristocracy, while the Whig/Liberal party became the party of the rising urban bourgeoisie in Britain. The results of the election were extremely close in terms of the numbers of seats won by the two main parties.

As in the previous election of 1847, Lord John Russell's Whigs won the popular vote, but the Conservative Party won a very slight majority of the seats. However, a split between Protectionist Tories, led by the Earl of Derby, and the Peelites who supported Lord Aberdeen made the formation of a majority government very difficult. Lord Derby's minority, protectionist government ruled from 23 February until 17 December 1852. Derby appointed Benjamin Disraeli as Chancellor of the Exchequer in this minority government. However, in December 1852, Derby's government collapsed because of issues arising out of the budget introduced by Disraeli. A Peelite–Whig-Radical coalition government was then formed under Lord Aberdeen. Although the immediate issue involved in this vote of "no confidence" which caused the downfall of the Derby minority government was the budget, the real underlying issue was the repeal of the Corn Laws which Parliament had passed in June 1846 and had split the Conservative Party. In this election, there were 18 Peelites elected in England and Wales. The constituency of St Albans (UK Parliament constituency), with its two members, was disfranchised due to corruption. This accounts for the fact that there were two fewer seats in the House of Commons as compared to the previous election, though no redistribution took place.

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